A coastal community notices that parts of their shoreline have been disappearing each year. Scientists explain that constant wave motion wears away rocks and sand. Which natural process is responsible? - wave action eroision, During a science field trip, students observe that granite, sandstone, and marble are all rocks. Their teacher asks how these rocks differ in their origins. Which answer is correct? - Igneous from cooling magma, sedimentary from compacted sediments, metamorphic from heat and pressure, At a mid-ocean ridge, tectonic plates are moving apart and magma rises to fill the gap. What condition allows the mantle to partially melt in this setting? - Decrease in pressure, After a volcanic eruption, lava cools rapidly on the surface. Which type of rock forms? - Extrusive igneous rock, In a town meeting, people discuss how floods during the monsoon season worsen because water cannot drain properly. Which factor should engineers prioritize to reduce flooding? - The capacity of drainage systems, A scientist compares the four terrestrial planets. One has abundant oceans, fertile soil, and living organisms. Which planet is being described? - earth, Heavy rainfall weakens the soil on a mountain slope, causing rocks and debris to move downhill rapidly. What hazard has occurred? - landslide, A paleontologist uses radioactive isotopes in fossils to determine their actual age in years. What dating method is this? - carbon-14 dating, Mia picks up a shiny black rock near an old volcano. It looks like glass and has no visible crystals. What type of rock is this? - obsidian, A science teacher explains that fossils found in deeper rock layers are older than those in layers above. Which geologic principle is this? - principle of superposition , In a classroom experiment, a student scratches a mineral sample with a nail. This test shows whether the mineral can resist scratching. What property is being checked? - hardness, Farmers near the coast notice that their wells taste salty due to seawater intrusion. What structure can help prevent further intrusion? - breakwater, Sofia is tasked to evaluate the flood risk of Metro Manila during the rainy season. Which factor is most critical in identifying danger zones? - drainage and sewage capacity, A student insists that oxygen is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere. His classmate corrects him. What is the actual dominant gas? - nitrogen, At a science fair, a student explains that some heat inside Earth is left over from its formation and still warms the mantle today. What is this called? - primordial heat, Residents of a coastal town notice their land is sinking slowly beneath rising seawater. Which global issue explains this? - Rising sea levels from climate change, During a typhoon, waves push ocean water into coastal villages. At the same time, the nearby river overflows due to heavy rain. What two hazards are occurring? - storm surge and river flooding, An engineer inspects a road project along a mountain slope. To reduce landslide risk, what should be done? - build retaining walls, While analyzing gemstone samples, a jeweler examines tiny inclusions under magnification to distinguish natural from synthetic stones. Which property is tested? - internal structure, Jamie studies a rock outcrop and concludes that the lowest layer is the oldest and the highest is the youngest. Which dating method is he using? - relative dating, Students observe that volcanic eruptions release ash that damages crops, contaminates water, and destroys homes. Which is a possible effect of ashfall? - Damage to infrastructure, During a group activity, learners are asked: which process breaks rocks into fragments without moving them? - weathering, A student asks his teacher why geological time is divided into eons, eras, periods, and epochs. What is the correct explanation? - reflect changes in earth/life, In a rock sequence, a fault cuts across older layers. According to geologic principles, which is younger? - the fault, Kai is tasked to design a coastal resort in an area prone to erosion. What would be the best preventive strategy - build seawalls and dikes, while hiking, students find folded and faulted rocks being pushed upward. Which type of plate boundary most likely caused this? - convergent, Residents living near a fault in Leyte experienced a sudden shaking of the ground due to the release of energy beneath Earth’s crust. What hazard was this? - earthquake, During a geology activity, learners arrange Eon, Era, Period, and Epoch by order of scale. What is correct from largest to smallest? - Eon → Era → Period → Epoch, Farmers in Zamboanga lost crops after nonstop rainfall loosened soil and caused slope failure. Which factor most directly triggered the landslide? - heavy rainfall, Students measure how easily a mineral reflects light when held up to a lamp. Which property are they testing? - luster, The Himalayas formed because the Indian Plate and Eurasian Plate collided for millions of years. What type of plate boundary is this? - convergent, A community cleanup campaign focuses on plastic pollution along the shoreline. Which eco-friendly project would best reduce this? - coastal clean up drive, Geologists note that some rocks emit heat due to radioactive decay in the mantle and crust. What type of heat is this? - radiogenic test , A class observes that fish and other marine animals are found in Paleozoic rocks. What does this tell about life during that era? - marine life dominance, A river carries sediments from the mountains and drops them in the lowlands when the current slows. What process occurs as materials settle? - deposition, Students compare two igneous rock samples. One has big crystals; the other is fine-grained. What caused this difference? - cooling rate differences, Scientists classify the geological past into Eons, Eras, Periods, and Epochs. What is the purpose of the Geologic Time Scale? - to divide history into intervals, Scientists classify the geological past into Eons, Eras, Periods, and Epochs. What is the purpose of the Geologic Time Scale? - normal fault, Adeline studies a region where plates push together, folding rock layers. What type of boundary is this? - convergent , A paleontologist states that deeper fossils are older than shallow ones, but certain fossils appear only in specific layers worldwide. Which principle is this? - faunal succession , A science class simulates breaking a rock into pieces, then carrying it downhill using water flow. Which process was demonstrated? - erosion, jewelers often bite a gold-colored mineral to test if it is soft enough to leave marks. What property is this? - hardness test, Maui, a geologist, finds rock layers cut by faults. Which principle should he use to determine which event happened last? - cross cutting relationship, Scientists identify two major heat sources: radiogenic and primordial. Which one is leftover from Earth’s formation? - primordial test, A student insists that relative dating gives the exact numerical age of rocks. How should the teacher respond? - Incorrect, relative dating only compares older and younger layers, Jenna observes that storms keep pushing seawater farther inland, harming farms. What hazard is this? - storm surge , Students are asked why Earth can support life while other planets cannot. What is the best explanation? - Earth is the right distance from the Sun and has water in three states, During a cleanup project, Hana notices mud cracks and ripple marks on old sedimentary rocks near a lake. What does this suggest about the environment? - alternative wet and dry conditions, A strong earthquake struck a city. Which factor is most critical in assessing how fast the community can recover? - infrastructure and damage services, The San Andreas Fault shows horizontal sliding of plates. Someone says it is a divergent boundary. How correct is this? - Incorrect, it is a transform boundary, While studying rock strata, learners arrange them from oldest to youngest. Which method are they using? - relative dating , The teacher asks: Which natural event involves sudden shaking due to energy release in the crust? - earthquake, Scientists find identical fossils in rock layers from different continents. What method allows them to connect these layers? - a fossil correlation , Students are asked which atmospheric gas is most abundant on Earth. What should they answer? - nitrogen, Romina, a civil engineer, is designing roads through hilly terrain. What should she prioritize to reduce slope failure? - Conduct soil tests and build retaining walls, Geologists studying volcanic zones explain that water entering subduction areas lowers the melting point of rocks. What is the result? - magma formation, Which of the following best defines a geologic hazard? - An event or activity that may cause loss of life, damage, or disruption, Scientists explain that much of Earth’s heat comes from radioactive decay of isotopes. What is this type of heat called? - radiogenic heat , Which process moves sediments from one place to another by water, wind, or ice? - erosion, A group of scientists divides Earth’s past into manageable intervals such as Eras and Periods. What is the name of this system? - geologic time scale ,

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