Grammar-Translation Method - Ss are taught in their L1. The T explains the grammar rules and Ss use this knowledge to translate texts., Direct Method - Developed as a response to the Grammar-Translation method. No L1. Emphasis on listening and speaking., Audio-Lingual Method - Repetition and drilling from models Ss hear. Focus on the use of grammatical structures, rather than grammar itself., The Silent Way - Ss produce language themselves. The T may whisper if they have to speak at all. Ss learn by associating language with physical objects Students learn by associating language with physical objects., Total Physical Response (TPR) - The T gives instructions which the students follow using physical actions, e.g., Simon says., Community Language Learning (CLL) - No specific course. Ss decide what the lessons will be about. Collaboration. The T stands outside the circle of students, as a counselor., Suggestopedia - A humanistic approach. Ss are in a relaxed state. There are comfortable chairs, classical music is playing. The T reads aloud texts with classical music., Natural Approach - Mirrors the process of learning L1. Ss exposed to meaningful language through listening and not forced to speak until they are ready. Minimal error correction., Communicative Approach - Emphasizes interaction and aims to reflect what will happen in real-life situations with a focus on functions. Communication over grammar rules.,

ESL Methods & Approaches

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