1) From Earth’s surface to its center, the four main layers in order are crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. Which two layers are made mostly of liquid metal? a) Crust and mantle b) Mantle and outer core c) Outer core and inner core d) Crust and inner core 2) The deeper we go from Earth’s surface toward the center, what happens to temperature and pressure? a) Both stay the same b) Temperature decreases and pressure increases c) Both decrease d) Both increase 3) The slow movement of Earth’s continents over millions of years is mainly caused by a) Heat energy from inside Earth b) Wind energy from storms c) Light energy from the Sun d) Electrical energy from lightning 4) Which statement about Earth is most accurate? a) Earth never changes b) Earth is always changing both on and beneath its surface c) Earth only changes on its surface d) Earth only changes above its surface 5) Earthquakes along the San Andreas Fault in California are most often caused by a) Plates moving apart b) Plates pushing together c) Plates sliding past each other d) Plates staying still 6) The Himalayan Mountains formed when two large land plates a) Stayed in the same place for millions of years b) Moved apart and created a valley c) Slid sideways past each other d) Slowly collided and pushed upward 7) Deep ocean trenches, such as the Mariana Trench, form when a) Two plates pull apart b) One plate is forced under another plate c) Two plates slide sideways d) Magma cools in the middle of a plate 8) New ocean crust is created at locations where a) Plates collide b) Plates slide past each other c) Plates move apart and magma rises d) Plates stop moving 9) Which rock type forms when melted rock cools and becomes solid? a) Igneous b) Metamorphic c) Sedimentary d) Fossil 10) Which rock type is formed by layers of sediment being pressed together over time? a) Igneous b) Metamorphic c) Magma d) Sedimentary 11) Which statement about metamorphic rocks is NOT true? a) They form deep underground b) They always contain fossils c) They often have wavy bands d) Heat and pressure change them 12) Fossils of ocean animals are almost always found in a) Igneous rocks b) Metamorphic rocks c) Molten lava rocks d) Sedimentary rocks 13) Scientists classify rocks by a) How they were formed b) Where they are found c) Their color and shine d) How heavy they are 14) In an experiment, a student changes the steepness of a slope and measures how much soil washes away. What is the independent variable? a) Amount of soil that washes away b) Amount of water used c) Steepness of the slope d) Type of soil 15) Bare soil on a hill is washing away during rainstorms. This is an example of a) Deposition b) Erosion c) Weathering d) Compaction 16) To help prevent soil from washing off a bare hill, the best solution would be to a) Remove all the soil b) Cover the hill with concrete c) Add more sand to the hill d) Plant grass or other plants on the hill 17) A valley that was once covered by a glacier now has a U-shape and piles of rocks at its end. The piles of rocks were left behind by a) Erosion b) Deposition c) Compaction d) Melting and cooling 18) An unusual rock layer bends and folds instead of being straight. This folded layer was most likely caused by a) Heat and pressure b) Cooling lava c) Layers of sediment piling up d) Wind blowing sand 19) Fossils can tell scientists all of the following EXCEPT a) What kinds of living things existed long ago b) What Earth’s environment was like in the past c) How fast continents moved d) Whether an area was once underwater or dry land 20) A scientist finds fossils of fish and seashells high on a mountain. This evidence best shows that a) Fish learned to live on land b) The mountain was once under the ocean c) The mountain grew very quickly d) Seashells can fly long distances

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