anterograde amnesia - Anterograde amnesia refers to the loss of long-term declarative memory function for events occurring after the brain injury.  , retrograde amnesia - Retrograde amnesia refers to the loss of long-term declarative memory function for events occurring prior to the brain injury., Korsakoff syndrome - Korsakoff syndrome often develops in alcoholics after a case of Wernicke's encephalopathy. It presents primarily as anterograde amnesia, but less often it also includes mild or severe retrograde amnesia. It affects episodic memory severely and more than semantic memory. Working and implicit memory remain intact. The neural structures implicated in Korsakoff include the thalamus and mammillary bodies. , double dissociation - When two patients with damage to different brain areas, exhibit inverse patterns of deficits, it is called a double dissociation. For example, one patient may exhibit impaired working memory, but intact long-term memory, while the other exhibits the opposite pattern. Double dissociations are taken as strong evidence that the two different types of memory concerned are supported by independent neural circuits., medial temporal lobe resection - This is the procedure that HM underwent to treat epilepsy. It is still used to treat epilepsy of the medial temporal lobe. Unilateral resection and increased precision means that memory deficits following such surgeries are rare and not of the magnitude experienced by HM., patient HM - One of most famous patient cases in neuropsychology research. HM suffered severe and permanent anterograde amnesia of his episodic and semantic memory. He also exhibited substantial retrograde amnesia for events in the years leading up to his surgery. In spite of severe declarative memory deficits, HM retained fully intact procedural memory., patient KF - Patient KF suffered damage to his left parietal cortex after a motorbike accident. As a result his working memory was severely impaired. His episodic memory for day-to-day events and his long-term semantic memory retained normal function. He exhibited a digit span of 1-2, and a word-span of 1., patient KC - Patient KC suffered widespread brain damage, including complete bilateral hippocampus loss, after a motorbike accident. KC exhibits both retrograde and anterograde episodic amnesia. He cannot recall events of his life from before the accident, nor any since. He also has no autonoetic consciousness, which means that he is unable to imagine himself in a future scenario. His semantic and procedural memory are largely intact (both retrograde and anterograde). He can recall facts and knowledge from prior to his accident, and has incorporated new knowledge since his accident. For example, he knows that his brother has passed, even though he has no recollection of this occurring or how he found out., patient AM - Patient AM experienced left temporal lobe atrophy, and has a diagnosis of semantic dementia. AM has intact episodic memory, but impaired semantic memory (including personal semantic memory - knowledge about himself). He performs poorly when asked to categorise words, label objects, and to describe the function of objects. AM retains intact numerical knowledge, and no deficits in understanding words that pertain to numbers (for example: "many", "a few")., patient MS - Patient MS underwent a right occipital lobe resection to treat epilepsy. As a result he experiences left hemifield cortical blindness. His episodic and semantic memory are entirely intact. MS does not exhibit normal implicit priming effects, even though his explicit memory of having previously seen the prime stimuli is intact.,

Key Points to Study: Types of Amnesia and Famous Amnesiac Patients

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