The process of examining large and complex datasets to uncover patterns, trends, and insights that can inform decision-making. - Big Data Analysis, Financial Technology, referring to innovative technologies and startups - FinTech, The interdisciplinary field that uses scientific methods, algorithms, and systems to extract insights and knowledge from structured and unstructured data. - Data Science, The early stage of the World Wide Web characterized by static web pages with limited interactivity and user participation. - Web 1.0, The evolution of the World Wide Web towards dynamic, user-generated content, social media, and interactive web applications. - Web 2.0, The evolution of the internet characterized by decentralized, semantic web technologies and enhanced user interactions. - Web 3.0, Business strategies that bridge the online and offline worlds, often involving online marketing or salees channels that drive offline customers interactions or transactions. - Online to Offline O2O, A centralized repository for storing and managing large volumes of structured and unstructured data from various sources, designed for analysis and reporting - Data Warehouse, A wireless technology standard for short-range communication between devices, enabling data exchange and connectivity for various applications such as audio streaming and device pairing. - Bluetooth, A technology that creates a secure, encrypted connection over a public network such as the internet, allowing users to access private networks and browse the web anonymously. - Virtual Private Network (VPN), A medical facility that utilizes advanced technologies such as IoT, AI, and data analytics to improve patient care, operational efficiency, and healthcare outcomes. - Smart Hospital, The adoption and integration of digital technologies to fundamentally change business operations, models, and processes. - Digital Transformation, The collection, measurement, and analysis of data related to website traffic, user behaviour, and engagement to optimize website performance and marketing strategies. - Website Analytics, The field of AI that focuses on enabling computers to interpret and understand visual information from images or videos. - Computer Vision, The application of artificial intelligence technologies to enhance retail operations, including personalised marketing, inventory managemnt, and customer service. - AI Retail, A storage repository that holds a vast amount of raw data in its native format until it’s needed for analysis or other purposes. - Data Lake, The practice of protecting computer systems, networks, and data from unauthorized access, cyberattacks, and data breaches. - Cybersecurity, A decentralized and distributed digital ledger technology that records transactions across multiple computers in a secure and tamper-resistant manner. - Blockchain, Artificial intelligence techniques that enable machines to create new content, such as images, text, or music. mimicking human creativity. - Generative AI, Computing systems inspired by the structure and function of the human brain. used for tasks such as pattern recognition and classification. - Neural Networks, The branch of artificial intelligence focused on enabling computers to understand, interpret, and generate human language. - Natural Language Processing, The ability of machines to interpret and analyze visual information from images or videos, often used for object detection, recognition, and tracking - Machine Vision, A theoretical framework that assesses how users adopt and use new technologies. - Technology Acceptance Model, The process of discovering patterns, trends, and insights from large datasets using statistical and machine learning techniques. - Data Mining, The interconnected network of users, developers, suppliers, and complementors surrounding a platform, contributing to its growth and sustainability. - Platform Ecosystem, A framework for evaluating the effectiveness and success of information systems within organizations. - Information Systems Success Model, A set of rules and protocols that allows different software applications to communicate and share data with each other. - Application Programming Interface (API), A network of interconnected devices embedded with sensors and software, enabling them to collect and exchange data. - Internet of Things (IoT), The use of data analytics and machine learning to identify and prevent fraudulent activities, transactions, or behavior - Fraud Detection, Criminal activities carried out using computers or the internet, such as hacking, malware distribution, identify theft, and online fraud - Cybercrime, The study of economic interactions and dynamics within digital platforms, including the role of network effects and platform governance. - Platform Economics, A theory that examines the costs associated with transactions in economic activities, including bargaining, contracting, and enforcing agreements - Transaction Cost Economics, A structured collection of data organized for efficient storage, retrieval, and manipulation, typically managed by a database management system (DBMS) - Database, A conversational AI model developed by OpenAI, capable of generating human-like text responses based on input prompts. - ChatGPT, The simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, typically involving tasks such as learning, reasoning, and problem-solving - Artificial Intelligence, A subset of a data warehouse focused on specific business areas or user groups, providing tailored access to relevant data. - Data Mart, A subset of machine learning that uses artificial neural networks with multiple layers to learn from large amounts of data and perform complex tasks. - Deep Learning, A type of computing that harnesses the principles of quantum mechanics to perform calculations exponentially faster than classical computers. - Quantum Computing, AI-powered software programs designed to simulate human conversations, often used for customer support, sales, and other interactions. - Chatbots, A set of policies, procedures, and controls for managing data assets to ensure data quality, integrity, and security - Data Governance, Technology that overlays digital information or virtual objects onto the real world, enhancing users' perception and interaction with their environment. - Augmented Reality (AR), A simulated environment that immerses users in a completely digital world, typically experienced through a haed-mounted display. - Virtual Reality (VR), Measures and practices designed to protect internet-connected systems, networks, and data from cyber threats and attacks. - Internet Security, Measures and protocols implemented to protect data from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction. - Data Security, A distributed computing paradigm where data processing and storage occur closer to the data source or edge devices, reducing latency and bandwidth usage. - Edge Computing, The protection of individuals' personal information and rights concerning the collection, storage, use, and sharing of their data. - Data Privacy, A set of techniques and tools for the acquisition and transformation of raw data into meaningful and useful information for business analysis purposes. - Business Intelligence, Computer-based systems that assist in decision-making activities. - Decision Support Systems, Measures taken to protect information systems from unauthorized access or malicious attacks. - Information Systems Security, The process of accessing and retrieving relevant information from a database or other storage systems. - Information Retrieval, A strategic management tool used to analyze the competitive environment of an industry based on five key factors: competition, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of buyers, threat of substitutes, and threat of new entrants. - Five Forces Analysis, The phenomenon where the value of a product or service increases as more people use it, leading to positive feedback loops and network effects - Network Externalities, Artwork that incorporates smart technology, such as sensors or interactive elements. - Smart Art, A manufacturing facility that utilized advanced technologies like IoT and AI to optimize production processes and improve efficiency. - Smart Factory, Logistics systems enhanced with AI and automation to optimize transportation, storage, and distribution processes. - Intelligent Logistics, A sociological perspective that explains social behavior in terms of exchanges between individuals, where each party seeks to maximize rewards and minimize costs in relationships.  - Social Exchange Theory, A computational model inspired by the structure and function of the human brain, used for tasks like pattern recognition and classification. - Artificial Neural Network, The convergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things, enabling intelligent decision-making and automation in connected devices and systems. - AIoT, A programming language commonly used for building interactive web applications and dynamic content on websites. - JavaScript, The visual elements and controls through which users interact with software applications or devices. - User Interface (UI), The overall experience of a person using a product or service, encompassing usability, accessibility, and satisfaction. - User Experience (UX), A method of securing data by converting it into an unreadable format using encryption algorithms. - Data Encryption System, Electronic signatures that verify the authenticity and integrity of digital documents or transactions. - Digital Signatures, The study of ethical issues related to the creation, distribution, and use of information and communication technologies. - Information Ethics, The buying and selling of goods and services over the internet. - E-Commerce, Digital currencies that are not issued or regulated by any central authority, often used for online transactions. - Virtual Currency, The process of abstracting, managing, and presenting data from multiple sources as a single, virtualized data layer. - Data Virtualization, A network security device or software that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. - Firewall, The observation that the number of transistors on a microchip doubles approximately every two years, leading to exponential growth in computing power and technological advancement. - Moore's Law, A method of securing digital messages or files by encrypting their contents and attaching digital signatures for authentication and integrity verification. - Digital Envelope, The process of selecting, extracting, and transforming features from raw data to improve the performance of machine learning models. - Feature Engineering, Web development involves creating and maintaining websites and web applications to facilitate e-business activities. - Web Development, EDI enables the electronic exchange of business documents, such as purchase orders and invoices, between trading partners. - Electroning Data Interchange (EDI), Mobile applications are software programs designed for use on mobile devices to provide e-business functionalities and services. - Mobile Applications, Techniques and technologies to control access, distribution, and usage rights of digital content to protect intellectual property. - Digital Rights Management, Monitoring and tracking activities, communications, or behaviors of individuals or groups, often raising concerns about privacy and freedom. - Surveillance, Unauthorized use of someone's personal information to impersonate them or commit fraudulent activities - Identity Theft, Principle advocating for equal treatment of all internet traffic by internet service providers, without discrimination or favoritism - Net Neutrality, Legitimate testing of computer systems and networks for vulnerabilities to improve security measures and protect against malicious attacks. - Ethical Hacking, Confidence and reliance placed on individuals, organizations, or platforms when engaging in online interactions or transactions. - Online Trust, A subset of AI that enables systems to learn and improve from experience without being explicitly programmed. - Machine Learning, Large volumes of structured and unstructured data that require advanced analytics and processing techniques to extract insights and value. - Big Data, Computing systems that mimic human thought processes to understand, reason, and learn from complex data. - Cognitive Computing, The latest version of the Internet Protocol, designed to provide a larger address space and support the growing number of devices connected to the internet. - Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6), Security technology that uses unique biological characteristics, such as fingerprints or facial features, to verify a person's identity - Biometric Authentication , Systems that capture, store, analyze, and display geographic data to support decision-making and spatial analysis - Geographical Information Systems (GIS), A manufacturing process that creates three-dimensional objects layer by layer from digital models, offering customization, efficiency, and reduced waste - 3D Printing, The process of extracting data from various sources, transforming it into a consistent format, and loading it into a data warehouse or database - ETL (Extract, Transform, Load), The process of improving the performance of database queries by optimizing their execution plans and resource utilization - Query Optimization, The process of creating copies of database data to protect against data loss or corruption and restoring data to its original state in the event of a failure - Backup and Recovery, Tools, devices, and systems used to manage and process information within an organization - Information Technology, Processes and methodologies for setting organizational goals and objectives to achieve competitive advantage. - Strategic planning, The process of studying and evaluating an organization's systems and procedures to improve efficiency and effectiveness - System Analysis, Policies, procedures, and controls to ensure that IT investment align with business goals and deliver value. - IT Governance, Work performed outside of a traditional office setting, often facilitated by technology and telecommunications. - Remote Work, Electronic systems for making payments and transferring funds over the internet, enabling secure and efficient transactions. - E-Payment Systems, Applications and platforms that enable multiple users to work together on documents, projects, or tasks in real-time. - Collaborative Software, Legal agreements created, signed, and executed electronically, often used in e-commerce transactions. - Electronic Contracts, Adhering to legal and regulatory requirements, industry standards, and organizational policies related to information management. - Compliance, The metaverse is an expansive digital universe where users can interact with each other and digital content in real-time, transcending physical boundaries. - Metaverse,

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