Federalist 10  - a strong, united republic would be more effective than the individual states at controlling “factions”; a large republic will help control factions because when more representatives are elected, there will be a greater number of opinions. Therefore, it is far less likely that there will be one majority oppressing the rest of the people.  , Brutus 1 - the immense power of the federal government requires the people to sacrifice their liberties; Congress possesses far too much power: taxation, standing army, taxes, Elastic Clause; a free republic cannot exist in such a large territory as the United States; Judicial authority will broaden federal gov’t’s power (thus, tyranny). a bill of rights was necessary to protect the people from the government, Declaration of Independence - All people created equal (Natural Rights of Life, Liberty, Property) Governments are created to protect these rights; If Gov’t does not protect natural rights, then the People have the duty to change/destroy; , Articles of Confederation - Confederation of states, with an extremely limited central government; limitations placed upon the central government rendered it ineffective at governing the continually growing American states; Unicameral legislature, each state one vote; Could not force taxation; No standing Army; Each state remains sovereign.  , Constitution (+ Bill of Rights & Other Amendments) - Outline of federal gov’t structure, powers, and limits to those powers; Three branches (L, E, J) [Sep. of P’s] that can limit each other [Ch & B’s]; Federal system of government; Supremacy; Commerce Clause Clause; Bill of Rights; 1-8: Individual Rights (liberties); 9: Rights not listed are NOT denied to the People; 10: Powers not given to Federal Gov’t nor denied to the states are State Powers; Generally, amendments are expansions of Peoples’ rights; 13, *14*, 15, 17, 19, 22, 24, 26;  , Federalist 51 - Proposes a government broken into three branches: Executive, Legislative, and Judicial; Proposes Each branch should be self-sufficient, but each should have some kind of power over the other in order for them to keep each other from taking over the government.; Proposes The Legislative branch needs to be split further into the House of Representatives and the Senate because it's the most powerful branch, and members of the Judicial branch need to be chosen by the President with the Senate's approval because they want qualified candidates for a position that lasts for life.; Proposes that this style of gov't provides a solution to helps keep down the power of factions, a recurring theme from Federalist 10., Federalist 70 - Argues that unity in the executive branch is a main ingredient for both energy and safety. Energy arises from the proceedings of a single person, characterized by, "decision, activity, secrecy, and dispatch," while safety arises from the unitary executive's unconcealed accountability to the people; Justifies executive strength by claiming that the slow-moving Congress, a body designed for deliberation, will be best-balanced by a quick and decisive executive.; Makes the case for duration, meaning a presidential term long enough to promote stability in the government., Federalist 78 - As “the weakest of the three departments of power,” the Judiciary needs strengthening; Without an independent judiciary, any rights reserved to the people by the Constitution “would amount to nothing,” since the legislature cannot be relied upon to police itself.; lifetime appointments, guaranteed “during good behavior” to insure that judges can resist encroachments from the legislature (to which presumably they would be vulnerable by means of bribes or threats). , Letter from a Birmingham Jail - Argues that he and his fellow demonstrations have a duty to fight for justice and It is up to the oppressed to take charge and demand equality; Segregation is used to debase one population (blacks) while uplifting another (whites), which makes it immoral in the eyes of God. Immoral laws are laws that are neither just nor fair. According to St. Augustine's logic, unjust laws aren't actually laws, so they don't have to be followed. King believes people are under a moral obligation to oppose segregation by refusing to abide by the so-called laws that govern the practice.; White Americans who say they agree with the notion of desegregation but criticize the manner in which civil rights activists go about achieving it are the biggest obstacle standing in the way of racial equality. The demeaning and "paternalistic" attitude of white moderates shows a lack of real understanding about the realities of segregation. It is this group that perpetuates the notion that time, not human intervention, will be the great equalizer—which discourages others to join the campaign for civil rights.; The civil rights movement will ultimately be successful because "the goal of America is freedom.". ,

AP Gov Foundational Documents

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