A learner hears /k/ and writes kame instead of came. What does this example show?, English spelling is always predictable., The learner must have transferred their L1., English can represent the same sound in different ways., The learner does not understand the meaning of came., A Spanish learner writes essenciall instead of essential. What is the most reasonable explanation?, The learner cannot hear English sounds., The learner may be applying familiar L1 spelling habits to English., English has no clear spelling rules., Spanish and English use completely different alphabets., What does syllable structure refer to?, How words are written, How sounds are arranged in a syllable, How words are memorized, How sentences are connected, Which statement about syllable structure is TRUE?, All languages allow the same sound combinations., Only English has consonant clusters., Different languages can allow different combinations of sounds., Every syllable must begin with a vowel., What are scripts mainly about?, How sounds are combined, Written symbols and how we write them, How words are pronounced, How sentences are structured, Why can our first writing system influence L2 writing?, Writing habits can become automatic through years of practice., Learners always forget their first writing system., All languages use the same writing habits., L2 writing is always more difficult than L1 writing., Which statement best describes character-based writing systems?, Symbols represent only individual speech sounds., Symbols are linked to meanings or morphemes., Each symbol represents one syllable., Symbols are used only for consonants., Why can learners find it difficult to switch between different writing systems when learning a second language?, All writing systems use the same reading strategies., Learners only need to memorize more vocabulary., Learners may need to develop new ways to connect written forms with sounds and meanings., Writing systems do not affect reading speed., What happens to a content word that would normally have only two letters under the three-letter rule?, It is dropped from the vocabulary and replaced by a structure word., It is pronounced with a long vowel instead of a short one., It gets a third letter added to reach a total of three letters., It loses its final consonant to comply with syllable structures., According to the text, how does English spelling distinguish between structure words and content words regarding the "th" sound?, Structure words use /θ/ while content words use /ð/., Structure words with "th" correspond to /ð/ (e.g., this), whereas an initial "th" in content words must be pronounced /θ/ (e.g., thistle)., Content words always have fewer letters than structure words, requiring an extra "h" to be added., Structure words are always spelled with three or more letters, unlike content words., What is one important grammatical function of punctuation in writing?, It marks sentences, clauses, and phrases, It replaces all grammatical structures, It shows only how words are pronounced, It determines the meaning of every word, Which statement best describes the difference between the phonological and grammatical views of punctuation?, The two views are identical because punctuation has only one function, Phonological punctuation is used only in Chinese, while grammatical punctuation is used only in English, Phonological punctuation concerns pauses and intonation, while grammatical punctuation organizes written structure, Phonological punctuation marks word boundaries, while grammatical punctuation marks pronunciation, Why might an L2 learner spell a word incorrectly based on how they pronounce it?, They do not know enough vocabulary., They may transfer pronunciation patterns from their L1 into L2 spelling., Written language is always more difficult than spoken language., They are translating every word directly from their L1., A Japanese learner writes “ram” instead of “lamb.” What does this example best illustrate?, The learner has poor grammar knowledge., The learner is translating directly from Japanese., The learner's L1-related pronunciation difficulty may influence L2 spelling., English spelling rules are completely irregular., Two students make the same spelling mistake in English. Student A speaks Arabic, while Student B speaks Japanese. What should a teacher consider before assuming they have the same learning problem?, Their age only, Their vocabulary size only, Their L1 and pronunciation systems, Their handwriting style

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