1) Megaloblastic anemia is caused by: a) Vitamin B12 deficiency b) Iron deficiency c) Sickle cell disease d) Thalassemia 2) In the process of necrosis, the nucleus becomes small and dark which is known as: a) Pyknosis b) Karyolysis c) Karyorrhexis d) Metachromasia 3) Dilatation of the air spaces and destruction of alveolar walls without scarring leading to enlarged air spaces is defined as: a) Emphysema b) Chronic Bronchitis c) Bronchial asthma d) Bronchiectasis 4) A localized area of suppurative inflammation undergoing liquefactive necrosis that forms a cavity in the pulmonary tissue is defined as: a) Pleuritis b) Empyema c) Lung abscess d) Atelectasis 5) A congenital anomaly that results from the fusion of the upper or lower poles of the kidneys is called: a) Horseshoe Kidney b) Agenesis of the Kidney c) Supernumerary Kidney d) Ectopic Kidney 6) A glomerular disease that is characterized by heavy proteinuria of more than 3.5 gm/day, hypoalbuminemia, severe oedema, hyperlipidemia, and lipiduria is diagnosed as: a) Nephrotic syndrome b) Nephritic syndrome c) Polycystic kidney d) Rapid progressive glomerulonephritis 7) The most common complication of extensive burns over arms and hands is: a) Contracture b) Dehiscence of the wound c) Incisional hernia d) Keloid 8) The correct statement regarding healing by primary intention is: a) There is a large tissue defect b) The tissue defect cannot be reconstituted c) It involves excessive granulation tissue d) The best example is uninfected surgical incision approximated by surgical sutures 9) The replacement of injured tissues by connective tissue is called: a) Regeneration b) Apoptosis c) Scar formation d) Necrosis 10) The main cell in granuloma is: a) Neutrophil b) Basophil c) Epithelioid cell d) Eosinophil 11) Which of the following is the most common complication associated with chronic blood transfusion to treat thalassemia major? a) Hepatitis C infection b) HIV infection c) Increased hemolysis d) Iron overload 12) An increase in the number of circulating white blood cells is defined as: a) Leukocytosis b) Leukopenia c) Lymphopenia d) Neutropenia 13) Lymphocytosis is mostly caused by: a) Influenza virus infection b) Streptococcal infection c) Candida infection d) Staphylococcal infection 14) Hemophilia A is caused by the deficiency of: a) Coagulation factor IX b) Coagulation factor VIII c) Von willebrand factor d) Platelet 15) All the followings are causes of bleeding tendency EXCEPT: a) Scurvy b) Aspirin intake c) Thrombocytopenia d) Increasing the coagulation factors level 16) A female patient presented with “moon facies,” truncal obesity and hirsutism with elevated plasma cortisol level, the most probable diagnosis of her case is: a) Conn’s syndrome b) Addison disease c) Cushing’s syndrome d) Graves’ disease 17) A tumor of the adrenal medulla that produces excess norepinephrine and epinephrine and causes hypertension is defined as: a) Conn’s syndrome b) Adenocarcinoma c) Pheochromocytoma d) Multiple Myeloma 18) An autoimmune disease that results in destruction and hypo function of the thyroid gland is named: a) Hashimoto's disease b) Graves' disease c) Myasthenia gravis d) Crohn's disease 19) An infant’s hypothyroidism is defined as: a) Cretinism b) Myxedema c) Pheochromocytoma d) Neuroblastoma 20) The phagocytic cell type that usually predominates in acute inflammation is: a) Neutrophil b) Macrophage c) Eosinophil d) Lymphocyte 21) In an ischemic injury, liquefactive necrosis is mostly seen in the: a) Brain b) Heart c) Liver d) Pancreas 22) Which one of the following is classified as a malignant tumor? a) Lipoma b) Chondroma c) Chondrosarcoma d) Nevus 23) The biochemical indicator of the presence of a tumor that includes cell-surface antigens, cytoplasmic proteins, enzymes or hormones is defined as: a) Tumor marker b) Immunohistochemistry c) Histological examination of the tumor tissue d) Karyotyping 24) Benign tumor originating from bone is known as a/an: a) Osteoma  b) Osteosarcoma c) Chondroma d) Chondrosarcoma 25) Melena is defined as a) Vomiting of blood b) Blood in joints c) Blood in the pericardial cavity d) Passage of altered blood in the stools 26) Extravasation of fluid into the interstitial space is defined as a) Hyperemia  b) Hemorrhage c) Edema d) Embolism 27) Karyorrhexis is defined as a nucleus a) Breaks up into many pieces b) Gets small and dark c) Disappears d) Enlarges 28) Thrombus breaks and travels to other site of the body is called: a) Propagation b) Embolization c) Dissolution d) Organization 29) The mechanism of the disease means a) Etiology b) Morphology c) Prognosis d) Pathogenesis 30) The central caseation necrosis is most characteristic features of: a) Acute myocardial infarction b) Acute pancreatitis c) Cerebral infarct d) Tuberculosis 31) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia is an example of hypersensitivity type a) I  b) II c) III d) IV 32) An autoimmune disease associated with hyper function of thyroid gland is: a) Hashimoto’s thyroiditis b) Grave’s disease c) Addisson Disease d) Myasthenia gravis 33) Which one of the following is malignant tumor? a) Lipoma b) Chondroma c) Lymphoma d) nevus 34) In deep sea diving sports, the complication associated with decompression sickness causes a) Fat embolism. b) Air embolism. c) Deep vein thrombosis. d) Cerebral hemorrhage 35) Swelling and edema associated with acute inflammation result from: a) Increased vascular permeability b) Decreased oncotic pressure c) Increased oncotic pressure d) Decreased hydrostatic pressure 36) Which of the following is an example of reversible cell injury? a) Atrophy  b) Hyperplasia c) Fatty change d) Necrosis 37) Anasarca is an edema that is characterized by being a) Mild; Localized  b) Mild; Generalized c) Severe; Localized d) Severe; Generalized 38) When excessive scar tissue grows beyond the boundaries of the original wound and does not regress and seen commonly in African population is defined as: a) Calcification  b) Keratin deposition c) Ulceration d) Keloid 39) Transudate is an extravasation of fluid accumulates in tissues with a) High cell content b) Low protein content c) Increased vascular permeability d) Vasodilation 40) All the followings are associated with necrosis EXCEPT a) The cellular swelling b) Intact cell membrane c) Inflammatory process d) Leakage of cellular content outside the cell 41) Columnar to Squamous metaplasia occur typically in a) Bronchi of chronic smokers b) Skin exposed to sunlight c) A callus d) Chronic gastritis 42) Bronchial asthma is an example for a) Type I hypersensitivity b) Type II hypersensitivity c) Type III Hypersensitivity d) Type IV hypersensitivity 43) Type IV hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by antigen specific: a) Immunoglobulin E b) Immunoglobulin M c) Immunoglobulin G d) Cytotoxic T cell 44) An autoimmune disorder in middle aged female presented with a butterfly rash on the face with positive antinuclear antibodies is known as a) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus b) Burkitt's Lymphoma c) EBV infection d) Tuberculosis 45) A tumor tissue composed of more than one type of tissue arising from more than one germ layer is defined as a) Epithelioma b) Angioma c) Teratoma d) Adenoma 46) TNM staging system which is a globally recognized standard for classifying the extent of spread of cancer, stands for: a) Tumor size, lymph node, malignancy. b) Tumor shape, lymph node metastasis, blood metastasis c) Tumor size, lymph node metastasis, blood metastasis d) Tumor shape, lymph node, malignancy 47) A lipoma is a slow-growing, fatty lump situated between skin and the underlying muscle layer that is arises from a) Skeletal muscle  b) Cartilage c) Adipose tissue d) Fibrous connective tissue 48) The statement that is NOT related to the malignant tumor is: a) It has a capsule b) It invades surrounding tissue c) It metastasizes d) The cells have atypical features 49) Hypertension leads to cardiac adaptation by: a) Dystrophy b) Hyperplasia c) Hypertrophy d) Atrophy 50) Increasing the size of cell means: a) Hypertrophy b) Hyperplasia c) Atrophy d) Metaplasia 51) All the followings are adaptive responses EXCEPT a) Atrophy b) Hypertrophy c) Necrosis d) Metaplasia 52) Apoptosis is LESS probably to occur in a) Embryogenesis b) Bacterial infection c) Menstruation d) Viral infection 53) Localized area of ischaemic necrosis is defined as: a) Ascites b) Petechiae c) Infarction d) Hematoma 54) The first step of the movement of leukocytes in the vessels in inflammation is: a) Rolling b) Adhesion c) Margination d) Chemotaxis 55) The directional movement of a cell in response to a chemical concentration gradient is called: a) Emigration b) Chemotaxis c) Diapedesis d) Margination 56) What term describes an abnormal connection between two body structures that do not normally connect? a) Sinus b) Fistula c) Anastomosis d) Atresia 57) All of the following cell types are involved in chronic inflammation EXCEPT? a) Macrophages,  b) Lymphocytes, c) Plasma cells d) Neutrophils 58) Which of the following features may be seen in chronic inflammation? a) Abscess formation b) Healing by fibrosis c) Neutrophil infiltration d) Onset within 24 hours after injury 59) Callus formation is mainly seen in: a) Dystrophic calcification b) Fracture healing c) Fatty change d) Metastatic calcification 60) A 16-year-old patient has lacerations on his hand which required sutures. The sutures were removed after 10 days. Wound healing continued but the site was disfigured by a prominent, raised nodular scar which developed over the next 2 months. Which of the following terms best describes the process that occurred within this 2-month period? a) Organization b) Resolution c) Keloid formation d) Dehiscence 61) All of the followings are characteristic features for healing by secondary intention EXCEPT a) The edges of the wound are widely separated. b) It is associated with excessive granulation tissue. c) It is associated with excessive scar tissue deposition. d) Minimal loss of tissue 62) During healing process, collagen synthesis is inhibited, and the healing process is retarded due to deficiency of a) Cortisone b) Carotene c) Vitamin C d) Prothrombin 63) Transudate is an extravasation of fluid with a) High cell content b) Low protein content c) High protein content d) Inflammatory conditions 64) Ascites is a) Hydrothorax b) Hydrocephalus c) Hydropericardium d) Hydroperitoneum 65) Heart failure cells (hemosiderin macrophages) in lung are detected in: a) Bronchopneumonia b) lobar pneumonia c) left side heart failure d) right side heart failure 66) Severe bleeding may lead to: a) Hypovolemic shock b) Septic shock c) Toxic shock d) Anaphylactic 67) In deep sea diving sports, the complication associated with decompression sickness causes a) Fat embolism b) Air embolism c) Deep vein thrombosis d) Cerebral hemorrhage 68) An autoimmune disease associated with hypofunction of thyroid grand is a) Hashimoto’s thyroiditis b) Grave’s disease c) Addison Disease d) Myasthenia gravis 69) Mantoux (Tuberclin) Test is an example of a) Immediate hypersensitivity b) Antibody-mediated disorders c) Immune complex-mediated disorders d) Cell-mediated immune disorders 70) Type I hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by: a) Immunoglobulin E b) Immunoglobulin M c) Helper T lymphocyte d) Cytotoxic T lymphocyte 71) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia is an example of hypersensitivity type a) I b) II c) III d) IV 72) All of the following are related to benign tumor EXCEPT: a) Have capsule in general b) Do not invade surrounding tissue c) No metastases d) The cells have atypical features 73) Benign tumor of osseous tissue is called an/a a) Osteoma b) Osteosarcoma c) Chondroma d) Lipoma 74) A benign tumor of glandular origin is defined as: a) Lipoma b) Sarcoma c) Adenoma d) Lymphoma 75) Benign tumor raised from follicle cells of thyroid gland is called: a) follicular papilloma b) follicular adenoma c) follicular carcinoma d) follicular sarcoma 76) Carcinoma is defined as a) Malignant tumor of epithelial tissues b) Malignant tumor of mesenchymal tissues c) Benign tumor of epithelial tissues d) Benign tumor of mesenchymal tissues 77) All of the following about tumors are correct except: a) grading of cancer is based on histological features b) staging of cancer is based on the size of the tumor c) staging of cancer is based on lymph nodes which are involved d) grading of cancer is based on metastases 78) Which one of the following bacteria can lead to cancer? a) Mycobacterium Tuberculosis b) Helicobacter Pylori c) Streptococcus d) Staphylococcus 79) Alpha fetoprotein level increased in the cancer of: a) Liver b) Breast c) Stomach d) Intestine 80) The first step to producing ring chromosome is: a) Deletion b) Inversion c) Translocation d) none of above 81) Which of the following chromosomal abnormalities most often leads to development of cancer? a) Deletion b) Duplication c) Inversion d) Reciprocal translocation 82) The mode of inheritance in hemophilia B is: a) X-linked recessive b) X-linked dominant c) Autosomal dominant d) Autosomal recessive 83) The karyotyping is compatible with Klinefelter syndrome in male is: a) 47XXY b) 46XY c) 47XYY d) 45XO 84) Chromosomal abnormality trisomy 21 is identified as: a) Edward’s syndrome b) Patau’s syndrome c) Down’s syndrome d) Klinefelter’s syndrome 85) Cleft lip with or without cleft palate is an example of: a) Malformations b) Deformations c) Disruptions d) Association 86) The mycotoxin Aflatoxin B is often found in one of the following: a) Preservatives of food products b) Fertilizers used in agriculture c) Improperly stored Peanuts d) In broiled meat products 87) liquefactive necrosis due to an ischemic injury mostly occurs in a) liver b) pancreas c) heart d) abscess

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