adaptation, inherited trait that is selected for over time because it allows organisms to better survive in their environment, homologous structure, body part that is similar in structure on different organisms but performs different functions, analogous strucutre, body part that is similar in function as a body part of another organism but is structurally different, vestigial structure, remnants of an organ or structure that functioned in an earlier ancestor, behavioral isolation, isolation between populations due to differences in courtship or mating behavior, geographic isolation, isolation between populations due to physical barriers, reproductive isolation, final stage in speciation, in which members of isolated populations are either no longer able to mate or no longer able to produce viable offspring, speciation, evolution of two or more species from one ancestral species, catastrophism, theory that states that natural disasters such as floods and volcanic eruptions shaped the Earth's landforms and caused extinction of some species, gradualism, principle that states that the changes in landforms result from slow changes over a long period of time, artificial selection, process by which humans modify a species by breeding it for certain traits, natural selection, mechanism by which individuals that have inherited beneficial adaptations produce more offspring on average than do other individuals, descent, a derivation from an ancestor, stabilizing selection, pathway of natural selection in which intermediate phenotypes are selected over phenotypes at both extremes, directional selection, pathway of natural selection in which one uncommon phenotype is selected over a more common phenotype, cladogram, diagram that displays proposed evolutionary relationships among a group of species, common ancestry, a progenitor of a more recent or existing species or group, evolution, change in a species over time; process of biological change by which descendents come to differ from their ancestor, genetic drift, change if allele frequencies due to chance alone, occurring most commonly in small populations.

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