Speaking, Production mode → Spontaneous, immediate, real-time, Permanence → Temporary, transient, Contextual support → Rich context (intonation, stress, gestures, facial expressions), Complexity → Simpler structures, shorter sentences, more coordination, Formality → More informal; contractions, fillers, colloquialisms, Feedback → Immediate listener response; allows clarification, Error tolerance → Errors and hesitations are natural and often unnoticed, Repetition → Repetition and redundancy aid comprehension, Processing time → Must produce language under time pressure, Acquisition → Develops naturally through exposure (L1), Writing, Production mode → Planned, drafted, revised, edited, Permanence → Permanent, creates a lasting record, Contextual support → Context-reduced; relies on punctuation, layout, cohesive devices, Complexity → More complex grammar, subordination, nominalizations, formal vocabulary, Formality → More formal; complete sentences; carefully structured, Feedback → Delayed or absent; writer must anticipate reader needs, Error tolerance → Errors remain visible and affect credibility; accuracy required, Repetition → Repetition avoided; precision and variety valued, Processing time → Time available to select words and organize ideas, Acquisition → Must be explicitly taught; requires systematic instruction.

Writing

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