Alliteration - Repetition of the same consonant sounds, e.g. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. Makes small sections text flow together and draws attention to the phrase., Allusion - A reference to another work, e.g. He was a true Romeo. Adds another dimension to the text by introducing material from our prior knowledge., Assonance - Vowel sounds repeated at the beginning or in the middle of nearby words, e.g. Try as I might, the kite would not fly. Makes small sections of text flow together and draws attention to the phrase. Vowel repetitions generally give a soft, calm mood., Contrast - Using words of opposite meaning close together, e.g The sun warms on a bitterly cold day. Strengthens each aspect by highlighting the differences. Emphasizes a  change or difference or idea., Emotive language - Choice of words that have specifically intended emotional effects or are intended to invoke an emotion in the reader, e.g. An innocent bystander suffered facial injuries when the thug launched his glass across the bar., Euphemism - Use of a less objectionable or harsh expression to avoid upsetting or offending people, e.g. His wife passed away (died). Gives amusement for the reader, or reveals the character of the person using it., Hyperbole - Deliberate exaggeration, e.g. I've told you a thousand times to clear up your bedroom. Used for emphasis to get a point across and illustrates the mood of the speaker/writer., Irony - Saying the opposite of what you mean or is expected, e.g. cultural icons like McDonald's car parks., Listing - Objects/reasons/parts of a whole are listed in the text, usually with commas separating them, e.g. we give him access to the nutrition, physiology, and psychology he needs to be the best. Emphasizes the topic being described and shows the author's breadth of knowledge., Metaphor - Comparing two things by saying one IS the other, without using 'like' or 'as', e.g. The fireworks were sparkling flowers in the sky., Onomatopoeia - Words that sound like the sounds they name, e.g. The brrrrrring of the alarm woke him. Helps transport the reader to the place of the sound and understand it properly., Parallel Construction - Using the same word class order twice, e.g into the valley, through the marsh, ride the hunting pair. Provides rhythm while expanding the detail of the description and creates balance., Personification - Giving a non-human object human-like qualities, e.g. Raindrops danced on the pavement. Makes inanimate objects seem lively and lifelike., Quotations - Direct use of another's words. Adds some of the authority of the original author to the current speaker/writer., Repetition - Repeating the same or nearly the same words for effect. Emphasises whatever is being said or written., Rhetorical question - A question that does not expect an answer from the audience, e.g. So what would result in such a plan? Gets the audiences attention and gets them thinking about what is being asked., Rhyme - The ends of words have the same sound. Makes the text memprable and can make poems more amusing. Can tie together the middle and end of verses., Simile - Comparison of two things using 'like' or 'as', e.g. The playground was as empty as a ghost town. Enlivens descriptions by helping us to see people/animals/things in a new light., Symbolism - Use of an object to represent some emotion or belief system or other abstract noun. An author uses a symbol so that the reader understands the emotions invested in the object without having to describe the emotions every time it is mentioned., Triple construction - Repeating a group of words that has a similar pattern three times, e.g. "the government of the people, for the people , by the people...". Grabs attention and encapsulates the point being made., Imperative - A command or order, e.g. Stop! Come here and listen to me. Catches people's attention - we are socially conditioned to obey commands, so this elicits a positive response., Narrative voice - 1st, 2nd or 3rd person. The perspective the story or poem is told from. Determines whose POV the audience will hear., Word choice - strong adverbs, adjectives etc - Choice of words that give specifically intended information about the noun or verb, e.g. Slowly, stealthily, the wind lifted. Makes the action or character appear very clearly in the reader's mind., Slang - Informal language that implies a certain social group and/or point in time,

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