generative grammar - small and finite set of rules that can be used to generate a potentially unlimited number of well-formed structures, surface structure - different syntactic forms that sentences have as individual English sentences, deep structure - abstract level of structural organization in which all the elements determining structural interpretation are represented , structural ambiguity - two distinct underlying interpretations that have to be represented differently in deep structure , conceptual meaning - includes basic, essential components of meaning conveyed by the literal use of a word; similar to dictionary meaning (needle-thin, sharp object, steel instrument), associative meaning - the type of meaning people might connect with the use of words that is not part of conceptual meaning (needle- pain, illness, painful, blood, drugs) , connotation - names these aspects of meaning that don't affect the word's sense, reference or denotation, level of formality, emotional force, synonymy - two or more different words with closely related meanings almost\nearly, big\large, broad\wide, antonymy - two forms with opposite meaning are called.....nyms , gradable antonyms - can be used in comparative constructions, the negative don't imply the the opposite , non-gradable antonyms - not used in comparative constructions, the negative implies the opposite , reversives - do the reverse of the word like enter\exit, pack\unpack , hyponymy - the lexical relation in which the meaning of one word is included in the meaning of another word animal\horse, homophone - when two or more different written forms have the same pronounciation flour\flower, homonyms - when one form (written or spoken) has two or more unrelated meanings bat-bat,separate dictionary entry for a word , polysemy - when two or more words have the same form and related meanings, multiple meanings under a single entry , metonymy - a type of relationship between words based on a close relationship in everyday life eg. He drank the whole bottle , collocation - a relationship between words that frequently occur together, deixis - words which cannot be interpreted if the context is not known eg. You'll have to bring it back tomorrow because she's not here today, deictic expression - used for pointing people, places and times, they have to be interpreted in terms of which person, place or time the speaker has in mind , reference - an act by which a speaker or a writer uses language to enable a listener or a reader to identify sth , inference - an additional information used by the listener to create a connection between what is said and what must be meant , anaphora - a type of referential relationship , use of pronouns and noun phrases to refer back to sth already mentioned , cataphora - the reversal of antacedent -anaphora relationship, antecedent - the first mention , direct speech act - an action in which the form used eg. interrogative directly matches the function performed by a speaker (a question), indirect speech act - an action in which the form used does not directly match the function performed by a speaker ,

syntax&semantics&pragmatics

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