Which of the following represents the standard memory hierarchy ordered from fastest access speed (but smallest capacity) to slowest access speed (but largest capacity)?, Main Memory--Cache--Registers--Secondary Storage, Registers--Cache--Main Memory--Secondary Storage, Cache--Registers--Secondary Storage--Main Memory, Secondary Storage--Main Memory--Cache--Registers, What is the primary purpose of cache memory in a computer system?, To permanently store the operating system files., To expand the total amount of addressable memory., To store frequently accessed data and instructions to speed up CPU processing., To manage virtual memory page tables., In contiguous memory allocation, what is a major drawback of using fixed-sized partitioning?, It suffers from severe external fragmentation., It requires complex page tables to manage., It often leads to internal fragmentation when a process is smaller than the partition it occupies., It cannot be used with solid-state drives (SSDs)., Which of the following best describes "external fragmentation" in variable partitioning?, Wasted space within an allocated memory block., Total free memory space is sufficient to satisfy a request, but it is not contiguous, preventing allocation., When the operating system code grows and consumes user memory space., The delay caused by fetching a page from the hard drive., In a basic paging system, logical memory is divided into fixed-size blocks called _____, while physical memory is divided into identically sized blocks called _____., Segments, Pages, Frames, Pages, Pages, Frames, Blocks, Sectors, What is the primary function of a page table in a paging system?, To translate logical page numbers generated by the CPU into physical frame numbers in main memory., To keep track of which users are logged into the system., To determine which program should be executed next by the CPU., To store the actual data contents of the swapped-out pages., How does segmentation primarily differ from paging?, Segmentation uses fixed-size blocks, while paging uses variable-size blocks., Segmentation divides memory into logical units based on the user's view (e.g., functions, arrays), while paging divides memory into fixed physical blocks., Segmentation eliminates all forms of fragmentation, whereas paging does not., Segmentation does not require hardware support, while paging requires a Memory Management Unit (MMU)., In the context of virtual memory, what does "demand paging" mean?, All pages of a process are loaded into physical memory before execution begins., Pages are only loaded into physical memory when they are explicitly requested during execution (i.e., upon a page fault)., The CPU demands that the user insert more RAM into the motherboard., Secondary storage devices page the CPU when data is ready., Which page replacement algorithm dictates that the operating system should replace the page that has not been accessed for the longest period of time? , Optimal Page Replacement, Least Recently Used (LRU), First-In-First-Out (FIFO), Most Recently Used (MRU), What is "Belady's Anomaly," a phenomenon associated with the FIFO page replacement algorithm?, A situation where decreasing the CPU clock speed increases the number of page faults., A situation where adding more physical memory frames actually increases the number of page faults for a given memory reference string., A hardware failure caused by swapping pages too quickly., The tendency for the newest pages to be the least used..

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