Globalization, Globalization — the process of increasing connection and interaction between countries through trade, culture, technology, and communication., Interdependence, Interdependence — mutual dependence between countries, economies, or people., State, State — a political organization with defined territory, government, and sovereignty., Country, Country — a nation with its own government and territory., Nation, Nation — a group of people united by common culture, history, or identity., Legitimacy, Legitimacy — the accepted right of a government or authority to rule., Authority, Authority — the power or right to make decisions and enforce rules., Sovereignty, Sovereignty — the supreme power of a state to govern itself without outside interference., Human Development Index (HDI), Human Development Index (HDI) — a measure of development based on health, education, and income., Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) — global goals created by the United Nations to improve life and protect the planet., Absolute poverty, Absolute poverty — a condition where people cannot meet basic needs such as food, shelter, and clothing., Relative poverty, Relative poverty — poverty measured in comparison to the standard of living in a society., Gini coefficient, Gini coefficient — a measure of income inequality in a population., Greenhouse effect, Greenhouse effect — the warming of Earth caused by gases trapping heat in the atmosphere., Cumulative emissions, Cumulative emissions — the total amount of greenhouse gases released over time., Per capita emissions, Per capita emissions — the average greenhouse gas emissions produced per person., Industrial revolution, Industrial revolution — a period of rapid industrial growth and technological change., Digital divide, Digital divide — the gap between people who have access to digital technology and those who do not., Mass media, Mass media — forms of communication that reach large audiences, such as TV, newspapers, and the internet., Global village, Global village — the idea that technology connects people around the world as if they lived in one community., Echo chamber, Echo chamber — an environment where people only hear opinions similar to their own., Comparative advantage, Comparative advantage — the ability of a country to produce a good more efficiently than others., Protectionism, Protectionism — government policies that protect domestic industries from foreign competition., Technology transfer, Technology transfer — the sharing of technology, skills, or knowledge between countries or organizations., Trade surpluses and deficits, Trade surpluses and deficits — the difference between the value of exports and imports., Ideology, Ideology — a system of ideas and beliefs about politics, society, or economics., Liberalism, Liberalism — a political and economic ideology supporting freedom, democracy, and individual rights., Keynesianism, Keynesianism — an economic theory that supports government intervention to manage the economy., Marketization, Marketization — the process of introducing market forces into an economy or sector., Financialization, Financialization — the growing importance of financial markets and institutions in the economy., Fertility rate, Fertility rate — the average number of children born to a woman., Mortality rate, Mortality rate — the number of deaths in a population over a period of time., Net migration, Net migration — the difference between immigration and emigration., Demographic dividend, Demographic dividend — economic growth resulting from a large working-age population., Urbanization, Urbanization — the growth of cities and movement of people into urban areas., Rural-urban migration, Rural-urban migration — the movement of people from countryside areas to cities., Informality, Informality — economic activity that is not officially regulated or taxed., Gig economy, Gig economy — a labor market based on short-term and flexible jobs., Precarity, Precarity — a condition of insecurity and instability, especially in employment., Uncertainty, Uncertainty — a situation where outcomes are unknown or unpredictable., Business confidence, Business confidence — the level of optimism businesses have about the economy., Consumer confidence, Consumer confidence — the level of optimism consumers have about the economy., Remittances, Remittances — money sent by workers to family members in another place or country., Natural law, Natural law — the idea that certain rights and morals are universal and based on human nature., Positive rights, Positive rights — rights that require action or support from others or the government., Negative rights, Negative rights — rights that protect people from interference by others or the government., Civil and political rights, Civil and political rights — rights that protect individual freedom and participation in political life., Social and economic rights, Social and economic rights — rights related to basic living standards such as education, health, and work..

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