Independent Variable, The one variable that is changed on purpose., Dependent Variable, The factor that you measure or observe to gather data., Controlled Variables, All the other variables that must be kept exactly the same for each specimen in the experiment., Independent Variable example, The type or ratio of growing media, Dependent variable example, Canopy height, Number of flower buds, Dependent variable, Peat moss, High water retention, but can limit oxygen, Perlite, pumice, bark, High drainage media, stimulates fibrous roots., Aeration, Roots require oxygen to respire and generate energy for nutrient uptake., Ideal Air Filled Porosity (AFP), Coarse-textured wood particles, perlite, or pumice, Fine sand or heavy clay-based, Soil mixes fill up air spaces. Low oxygen slows down root cell division, Cation exchange capacity, measures a medium's ability to hold onto nutrients and prevent them from washing away during watering., High CEC (e.g., Vermiculite, Compost, Peat), Acts as a reservoir for vital minerals like Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium. This steady nutrient supply drives vibrant leaf pigmentation and supports robust flowering cycles ., Low CEC (e.g., Clean Sand, Perlite), Cannot hold nutrients effectively. Minerals leach right through the container, quickly resulting in nutrient deficiencies., Substrate pH and EC Stability, The growing medium serves as the chemical buffer for the roots., pH Level, If the media shifts the pH out of the ideal range (typically 5.5 to 6.5 for most ornamentals), nutrients become chemically locked up., Electrical Conductivity (EC), Tracks salt and fertilizer build-up. Media that traps salts easily can scorch delicate root tips, resulting in brown, "burnt" leaf margins.

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