Restatement - Relates to the content of communication. Nurse makes a simple statement usually of patient's own words. The purpose is to ask the patient to further explain, Reflection - Identifies feelings. The nurse restates or makes a generalized statement about what the patient is expressing - and then pauses giving them time to further explain, Elaboration - Nurse is encouraging the patient to say more and continue the conversation. The nurse may nod her head, or say "go on" or "please continue", Focusing - Redirecting the patients to pertinent topics being discussed., Clarification - Questions to ascertain patient's meaning when word choice or ideas are unclear, Summarizing - Reviews and condenses important information into two or three of the most important findings, Abstract Reasoning - Pondering a deeper meaning beyond the concrete and literal, False Reassurance - Unconsciously indicating to patients that their concerns are not worth discussing, Sympathy - Feeling what the patient feels - is not therapeutic because you are interpreting the situation as you perceive it, Unwanted Advice - Usually from your own perspective, not the patients. Will not help the patient, Biased Questions - Carry judgement and lead patients to respond in a way that they think is acceptable to you, Distractions - Hectic and rushed - makes patient feel depersonalized - if alarm sounds this does take priority over communication, Active Listening - Ability to focus on patient and their perspectives while decoding messages, thoughts, words, opinions, and emotions, Empathy - Ability to perceive, reason, and communication understanding of another's feelings without criticism, seeing it from their point of view, Caring - Empathy, connection, and ability to demonstrate emotions such as compassion, sensitivity, and patient-centered care. Goal is to show warmth, care, interest, and respect without judgement, Decoder - Is the sender, Encoder - Is the receiver, Self-Concept - Be aware of your own biases, values, personality, cultural background, and communication style,

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