Hyperpolarization - Prolonged K⁺ efflux through slow-closing voltage-gated potassium channels, Resting potential - –70 mV, Threshold potential - –55 mV, Depolarization - Rising phase of the action potential, Repolarization - Na⁺ channels close, and K⁺ channels open, causing potassium ions to flow out and restoring negative internal charge., Refractory period - Time during which the neuron cannot fire another action potential or is less responsive to stimuli.,

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