Internet control message protocol (ICMP), used for sending diagnostic or control messages between network devices, helping manage and troubleshoot network issues., Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of bytes between applications, User Datagram Protocol (UDP), sending data between devices without establishing a dedicated connection, making it fast but less reliable, as delivery is not guaranteed, and data may arrive out of order., Generic routing encapsulation (GRE), creates a virtual point-to-point link to various brands of routers at remote points over an IP internetwork, enabling the encapsulation of packets from different protocols, making it versatile for various networking purposes., Internet protocol security (IPsec), suite of protocols designed to secure IP communications by authenticating and encrypting each IP packet in a data stream., Authentication header (AP), component of IPSec used for providing authentication, integrity, and nonrepudiation through digital signatures, Encapsulating security payload (ESP), Encryption, Confidentiality, data origin authentication, Internet key exchange (IKE), protocol, key management protocol used to secure communication and key exchange between two devices over any network..

1.4 Internet protocol types

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