Primogeniture Laws, Legal customs in Europe where all of an estate was inherited by the oldest son, forcing younger sons to look for wealth and status elsewhere, such as in the military or through exploration., Astrolabe:, An instrument improved by Muslim navigators that allowed sailors to determine how far north or south they were from the equator., Lateen Sail:, A triangular sail that could catch the wind on either side of a ship, allowing it to sail in different directions (tacking)., Carrack, A large sailing vessel with three or four masts, used primarily for trade by Portugal and Spain., Caravel, A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic, Mercantilism, An economic policy designed to maximize the exports and minimize the imports of a nation to accumulate gold and silver, Prince Henry the Navigator:, A Portuguese prince who was the first European monarch to sponsor seafaring expeditions, significantly advancing maritime knowledge., Vasco da Gama, The Portuguese explorer who sailed around Africa and reached India in 1498, securing a direct sea route to Asian spice markets., Ferdinand Magellan, The leader of the Spanish-sponsored expedition that was the first to circumnavigate the globe., Jacques Cartier:, A French explorer who sailed into the St. Lawrence River and claimed parts of present-day Canada for France., Samuel de Champlain, A French explorer who founded Quebec and became an influential leader in New France., John Cabot, An explorer sent by the English king to look for a northwest passage; he claimed Newfoundland and other parts of North America for England., New Amsterdam, A Dutch settlement on Manhattan Island that served as a major port and hub for the Dutch transatlantic trade., Manila, A Spanish commercial center in the Philippines that attracted Chinese merchants and linked American silver with Asian luxury goods., Kingdom of the Kongo, A West African kingdom that expanded its influence and wealth through trade with the Portuguese., Asante Empire, A powerful West African state that grew significantly through participation in the trans-Atlantic slave trade and regional commerce., New Spain, The Spanish colony established in Central and North America (primarily Mexico) following the conquest of the Aztecs., Mexico City, The capital of New Spain, built by the Spanish on the ruins of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan., Francisco Pizarro, The Spanish conquistador who led the conquest of the Inca Empire in South America., Atahualpa, The last ruler of the Inca Empire who was captured and executed by Francisco Pizarro., Hispaniola, The Caribbean island (modern-day Haiti and Dominican Republic) where Christopher Columbus established his first settlement., Lima, The capital of the Spanish colony of Peru, established as a center of administration in South America., Encomienda, A Spanish labor system that granted settlers the right to the labor of indigenous people in exchange for food, shelter, and Christianization., Hacienda System:, A system of large agricultural estates in Spanish America that produced crops for local consumption and export., Mit’a System, An Incan labor obligation for public works that the Spanish adapted into a coercive labor system for silver mining at Potosí., British East India Company (EIC):, A powerful English company that dominated trade in India and acted as an agent of British imperialism., Dutch East India Company (VOC), A Dutch company that established a monopoly on the spice trade in Indonesia and the Indian Ocean., Encomenderos:, Spanish landowners who managed the indigenous laborers under the encomienda system..

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