trait, A characteristic of a living thing, like eye color, hair type, or height., offspring, The baby or young that comes from one or more parents (for example, a puppy or a seedling)., chromosome, A long package made of DNA that holds many genes; found in cells and carries instructions for traits., alleles, Different versions of the same gene (for example, a version for blue eyes and a version for brown eyes)., dominant gene, An allele that usually shows up in the offspring even if only one copy is present., recessive gene, An allele that only shows up when an organism has two copies of that allele (no dominant copy present)., homozygous, Having two identical alleles for a trait (e.g., two alleles for brown eyes)., heterozygous, Having two different alleles for a trait (e.g., one allele for brown eyes and one for blue)., genotype, The set of alleles an organism has for a trait (its genetic makeup, even if you can't see it)., phenotype, The physical appearance or behaviour you can observe (what the organism looks like or does)., sexual reproduction, When two parents each contribute genetic material to make offspring with a mix of their genes., asexual reproduction, When a single organism makes a new organism identical (or almost identical) to itself without combining genes from another individual., fertilization, The process when a sperm cell and an egg cell join so their genetic material combines to start a new organism.

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