Halogen compound, An organic molecule in which one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon are replaced by halogen atoms (F, Cl, Br, I)., Electrophilic carbon, The carbon atom in a C–X bond that is partially positive and susceptible to nucleophilic attack., Nucleophile, A species that donates an electron pair to form a covalent bond with an electrophile, SN2 mechanism, Bimolecular substitution in one step with simultaneous nucleophile attack and leaving group departure. Favoured by primary halogenoalkanes, SN1 mechanism, Unimolecular substitution in two steps: leaving group departure forming carbocation, followed by nucleophile attack. Favoured by tertiary halogenoalkanes., Racemic mixture, A mixture containing equal amounts of two enantiomers, formed in SN1 reactions involving chiral centres., Elimination reaction, A reaction where atoms/groups are removed from a molecule, forming a double bond., E2 mechanism, Bimolecular elimination in one step, base removes β-hydrogen as leaving group departs., E1 mechanism, Unimolecular elimination in two steps: carbocation formation followed by proton removal., β-carbon, The carbon atom adjacent to the α-carbon (which is bonded to the leaving group)., Hyperconjugation, Stabilisation of carbocations by overlap of σ bonds with an empty p-orbital., Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), Compound of carbon, chlorine, and fluorine used in refrigeration and aerosols; causes ozone depletion., Inductive effect, Electron donation or withdrawal through σ-bonds, affecting reactivity., Leaving group, Atom/group that departs with an electron pair in substitution/elimination., Solvent effect, The influence of solvent type (polar protic/aprotic) on reaction mechanism., Polar protic solvent, Solvent with hydrogen-bonding capability, stabilises ions; favours SN1., Polar aprotic solvent, Solvent lacking hydrogen-bond donors, favours SN2., Steric hindrance, Prevention of reaction due to bulky groups blocking access to reactive sites., β-elimination, Elimination involving removal of a β-hydrogen and leaving group to form a double bond., Markovnikov’s rule, In electrophilic addition to alkenes, hydrogen adds to the carbon with more hydrogens, Walden inversion, Inversion of stereochemistry in SN2 reactions., Steric hindrance, Prevention of reaction due to bulky groups blocking access to reactive sites.

Week 17.Halogen Compounds

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