asylum seeker, Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee, brain drain, The loss of highly educated and skilled workers to other countries, chain migration, Movement of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there, circular migration, Repeated movement of people between two or more places, either within or between countries, demographics, The population in terms of size, density and characteristics like, age, race, gender and income., distance decay, Decline of activity or function with increasing distance from its point of origin, emigration, Movement of individuals out of an area, forced migration, Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate., friction of distance, The increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance, gravity model, A theory that describes the level of interaction between two places is based on the size of their populations and their distance from each other., guest workers, A migrant who legally travels to a new country as temporary labor, migration, The permanent movement of people from one place to another, human trafficking, The illegal trade of human beings for the purpose of sexual exploitation, forced labor, or involuntary military combat., immigration, Movement of individuals to an area, internal migration, Permanent movement of people within the same country, internally displaced people (IDPs), Individuals who forced to leave their homes but remain in their home country. Caused by civil strife or war, natural disasters, etc., transnational migration, Migration that involves crossing international borders., interregional migration, Permanent movement of people from one region of a country to another, antinatalist, Describing policies and attitudes that discourage people from having children (China's One Child Policy), Demographic Transition Model, A model of how the size of a population changes as a country develops its economy, doubling time, The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase. (RNI/70), Epidemiological Transition Model, A model of the predictable stages in disease and life expectancy that countries experience as they develop, land degradation, A decline in the quality of the land- especially the soil- due to overuse or mistreatment by humans, Malthusian Theory, Focuses on how the exponential growth of a population can outpace growth of the food supply and lead to social upheaval, war, and starvation, overpopulation, The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living, pronatalist, Describing attitudes or policies that encourage childbearing as a means of increasing population growth (free daycare, tax credits), Neo-Malthusian, Modern advocacy of population control programs to ensure enough resources for future populations, rate of natural increase (RNI), The difference in births and deaths in a population, usually expressed as a percentage; does not take into account migration, urbanization, An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements (cities), population distribution, The pattern in which humans are spread out on Earth's surface, population clusters, heavily populated areas that illustrate the unevenness in global population distribution; four largest-East Asia, Southeast Asia; South Asia; Europe, More Developed Countries (MDCs), a country with an advanced economy and a high standard of living, Less Developed Countries (LDCs), Countries that are of relatively low income or economically poorer than developed countries, arithmetic density, The average number of people per unit of land area, physiological density, The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture., arable land, land that can be used to grow crops, agricultural density, The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land, carrying capacity, the number of people in an area can support on a sustainable basis, population composition, The makeup of the population by age and sex as well as by ethnic, racial, income, and educational background, dependency ratio, the number of dependents in a population, that each 100 working-age people (15-64) must support, youth dependency ratio, The number of young dependents in a population (younger than 15 years old) that every 100 working-age people must support, elderly dependency ratio, The number of elderly dependents in a population (older than 64 years old) that every 100 working-age people must support., population pyramid, Graphical bar charts that illustrate the age and sex distribution of a population, demographic equation, the method for calculating total population of a country or place based on natural increase and migration(CBR +/- CDR +/- migration), crude birth rate (CBR), the number of births per 1000 people, total fertility rate (TFR), The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (15-49 years of age), crude death rate (CBR), the number of deaths per year per 1000 people, infant mortality rate (IMR), A measure of how many infants die within the first year of their life per 1000 live births, child mortality rate (CMR), the number of deaths of children under age 5 per 1,000 live births, rate of natural increase (RNI), The difference in births and deaths in a population expressed as a percent; does not take into account migration into or out of an area., Zero Population Growth (ZPG), When a country has the same number of births and deaths in a given year, its RNI is zero, replacement level fertility rate, The average number of children needed to replace both parents and stabilize population over time (2.1)

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