Operationalisation, Turning abstract ideas into measurable questions, Reliability, Getting consistent results when the same thing is measured repeatedly., Validity, The measure actually reflects the concept we want to study., Random Error, Error caused by unpredictable mistakes that cancel out, Systematic Error, Error caused by biased survey design, Content validity, Items cover all aspects of the construct, Discriminant validity, Items don’t measure other constructs, Face validity, Items look related to the construct, Conceptualisation, The process of deciding exactly what we mean by a concept before we measure it., Nominal measure, A variable with categories that are simply different from each other (no ranking)., Ordinal measure, A variable with categories that can be ranked, but the distance between ranks is unknown., Interval measure, A continuous variable that have no true zero (e.g. temperature), Ratio measure, A continuous variable with a true zero point (e.g. age)., Question ordering effects, When earlier questions influence how people answer later ones., Social desirability bias, When people answer in a way that makes them look good rather than telling the truth, Wording effects, Small wording changes (e.g., “forbid” vs. “allow”) that shift how people respond., Scale effects, The response options provided influence how people answer, Reification, Treating abstract concepts as if they were concrete, real things.

Tutorial 1 - Concepts

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