COPD, Irreversible airflow limitation, Chronic bronchitis, Mucus hypersecretion disorder, Emphysema, Distal airspace destruction, Airflow obstruction, Reduced expiratory flow, Dyspnea, Increased respiratory effort, Hypercapnia, CO₂ retention, Hypoxemia, Arterial oxygen deficit, Spirometry, Ventilatory function assessment, FEV1, First-second expiratory volume, FVC, Maximal forced expiration, FEV1/FVC ratio, Obstructive index, Exacerbation, Acute inflammatory flare, Smoking, Chronic toxic inhalation, Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, Protease imbalance, Barrel chest, Thoracic hyperinflation, Cyanosis, Peripheral desaturation sign, Pulmonary rehabilitation, Functional capacity training, Bronchodilator, Smooth muscle relaxant, Inhaled corticosteroids, Airway anti-inflammatory, Long-term oxygen therapy, Chronic hypoxemia correction

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