WEATHERING, Soil formation begins when rocks are broken down into smaller pieces through physical and chemical weathering. Rain, temperature changes, wind, and chemicals help break rocks into tiny particles., EROSION AND DEPOSITION, The small rock particles are moved by erosion (water, wind, ice, or waves) and deposited in new areas. These particles become part of the soil, ORGANIC MATTER, Plants and animals die and decompose. Their remains become humus, a dark, nutrient-rich material that mixes with rock particles and makes soil fertile., LIVING ORGANISM, Earthworms, insects, bacteria, and fungi mix and loosen the soil, helping air and water move through it and improving soil quality., TIME AND CLIMATE, Soil forms very slowly, often taking hundreds to thousands of years. Climate affects how fast soil forms—warm, wet areas usually form soil faster than cold, dry areas.

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