TIMELINE A: NOW → looking back, something already finished today (I’ve already answered five emails today.), something not finished but still ongoing recently (I’ve been working on a new project all morning.), a repeated experience up to now (I’ve visited Rome 25 times.), a change over time up to now (My Italian has improved a lot in the last few years.), an unfinished period of time continuing until now (They’ve been married since early last year.), TIMELINE B: PAST MOMENT → looking further back, something that happened before another past event (When I arrived at the station, the train had already left.), something that was ongoing before a past interruption (I had been studying for two hours when my friend called.), something reported later about an earlier past action (They said they had met before.), TIMELINE C: FUTURE MOMENT → looking back, something that will be completed before a definite future moment (By the end of the month, I will have finished my dissertation.), TIMELINE D: COMMENTING ABOUT THE PAST, a deduction about a past action (She must have forgotten about the meeting.), a past regret or criticism about a past action (I should have checked the address before leaving.).

C1 PERFECT STRUCTURES

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