Plot, 1. The plot is a random list of events that happened to the character., 2. A plot is a series of interlinked events arranged to catch the reader's interest., 3. The events in a plot are always meaningful and logically related to the message of the story., Conflict, 1. Conflict in fiction is defined as a peaceful coexistence of characters., 2. Conflict implies opposition or struggle between forces or characters., 3. Conflicts can only be external, involving two or more people., External Conflict, 1. "Man against nature" is a type of external conflict., 2. An external conflict is a struggle that takes place within one character's mind., 3. The conflict between an individual and social injustice is classified as an external conflict., Internal Conflict (Man against himself), 1. An internal conflict is localized in the inner world of the character., 2. This type of conflict rules out the external world as non-existent and unimportant., 3. A character torn between a sense of duty and self-interest is experiencing an internal conflict., Setting, 1. The setting refers only to the geographical location, not the time., 2. The setting includes the place and time of the actions of a story., 3. The setting can reinforce characterization by paralleling or contrasting the actions., Exposition, 1. The exposition is usually found at the very end of the story to surprise the reader., 2. In the exposition, the writer introduces the theme, the characters, and the setting., 3. The exposition contains the necessary preliminaries and answers questions like "Who?", "Where?", and "When?"., Complications, 1. Complications follow the exposition and generally involve actions., 2. Complications never involve thoughts or feelings, only physical movement., 3. As the plot moves toward the climax, the complications usually become tenser., Climax, 1. The climax is the least important event in the story., 2. The climax is the crucial moment, often referred to as the "moment of illumination"., 3. The climax is the point when the relationship among the events becomes clear., Denouement, 1. The denouement is the point at which the fate of the main character is clarified., 2. A story must always have a denouement; it cannot be left out., 3. The denouement follows the climax and brings the actions to an end., Prologue, 1. A prologue contains facts from the future of the characters., 2. The prologue is an additional component found in some novels, containing facts from beyond the past of the story., 3. A prologue is the same as an epilogue., Epilogue, 1. An epilogue provides additional facts about the future of the characters., 2. The epilogue is used when the future of the characters is not made clear enough in the denouement., 3. The epilogue is the first component of plot structure., Flashback, 1. A flashback is a look towards the future, hinting at what is to follow., 2. A flashback is a scene of the past inserted into the narrative., 3. "The Apple Tree" by Galsworthy uses a flashback to show the main character's youth., Foreshadowing, 1. Foreshadowing is a scene of the past that explains a character's motivation., 2. Foreshadowing is a remark or hint that prepares the reader for what is to follow., 3. The title "Mistaken Identity" is an example of foreshadowing as it hints at the outcome., Retardation, 1. Retardation is the technique of giving away all the information at the very beginning., 2. Retardation is the withholding of information until the appropriate time to heighten suspense., 3. This technique is widely used in storytelling to build tension., Suspense, 1. Suspense is the feeling of complete certainty and boredom., 2. Suspense is the state of uncertainty and expectation experienced by the reader., 3. Retardation and foreshadowing are techniques used to heighten suspense., Presentational Sequencing, 1.Presentational sequencing refers only to the chronological order of events., 2. It is the order in which the writer presents the information to the reader., 3. Presentational sequencing may involve the sequencing of viewpoints or literary forms like dialogue and description.

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