sodium, normal levels 135-145 mEq/L, regulates extracellular fluids, regulated by aldosterone, hyponatremia: loss of Na, excess fluid (dilution), cellular swelling. correction by: 3% saline infusion, PO or GI supplementation, hypernatremia: loss of water, hyperaldosteronism, cellular dehydration. correction: treat cause, free water (hypotonic solution), diuretics, potassium, normal level: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L, essential for transmission of nerve impulses, cardiac rhythms, muscle contractions, regulated by aldosterone, hypokalemia: caused by drugs, excess fluids, cushings, heavy fluid loss. correction: treat with foods, IV/PO replacements, hyperkalemia: burns, addisons, renal failure, excessive intake, drugs. correction: K wasting diuretics, restrict K foods, calcium, normal level 8.6-10.2 mg/dL, needed for muscle contraction, nerve impulse conduction, blood coagulation, regulated by parathyroid, hypocalcemia: low parathyroid, low PO intake, wound drainage, pancreatitis, celiac/Crohn's, CKD, duretics. Correction: IV Ca gluconate, increase PO intake, hypercalcemia: hyperparathyroidism, glucocorticoids, hyperthyroidism, renal failure, Addison's. correction: decreased PO intake, hydration, monitor heart, GI, renal, administer calcitonin, magnesium, normal level: 1.6-2.6 mg/dL, vital in intracellular enzyme systems- transfer energy and store energy, sedative effect on neuromuscular junction, hypomagnesemia: limited intake, diuretics, malabsorption, ETOH, DKA. correction: IV magnesium sulfate, hypermagnesemia: mg antacids/laxatives, addisons, glomerular filtration insufficiency. correction: calcium gluconate, crystalloids, contains fluids and electrolytes and freely cross capillary walls, NO proteins, short-term fluid maintenance and early plasma expansion, isotonic fluids, normal saline: 0.9%, remains in the intravascular space, only fluid used with blood products, corrects: dehydration, hemorrhage, shock, metabolic acidosis, and slight hyponatremia, hypotonic fluids, 0.45% saline, 0.2% saline, allows water to move into the cells, cellular swelling, used to treat intracellular dehydration (DKA), slight hypernatremia, D5W is ISOTONIC in the bag and HYPOTONIC when administered, hypertonic fluids, 3% saline, allows water to move outside of the cells, cells to shrink, used for: severe hyponatremia and to decrease intracranial pressure

Fluids and electrolytes

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