specify the kind of value that can be stored in a column of a table. They define the format, size, and possible range of values for the column., MySQL Data Types, store numbers. These are often used for quantities, IDs, counts, prices, and measurements., Numeric Data Types, Stores very small integers., TINYINT, Stores small integer values., SMALLINT, Stores medium-sized integers., MEDIUMINT, Stores standard whole numbers., INT / INTEGER, Stores very large whole numbers., BIGINT, Stores exact fixed-point numbers, commonly used for money values., DECIMAL(M,D), Stores approximate floating-point numbers., FLOAT, Stores large floating-point numbers with higher precision., DOUBLE, Stores bit values (0 or 1)., BIT, text or characters such as names, addresses, and descriptions, String data types, Stores fixed-length text., CHAR(n), Stores variable-length text., VARCHAR(n), Stores very short text strings., TINYTEXT, Stores large text data., TEXT, Stores larger text content., MEDIUMTEXT, Stores very large text data., LONGTEXT, Stores one value from a predefined list., ENUM, Stores multiple values from a predefined list., SET, These data types store date and time information., Date and Time Data Types, Stores date values (YYYY-MM-DD)., DATE, Stores time values (HH:MM:SS)., TIME, Stores both date and time., DATETIME, Stores date and time with automatic updates., TIMESTAMP, Stores year values., YEAR, store binary data, such as files or images., Binary Data Types, Stores fixed-length binary data., BINARY, Stores variable-length binary data., VARBINARY, Stores binary large objects such as images or files., BLOB, Stores small binary data., TINYBLOB, Stores medium-sized binary data., MEDIUMBLOB, Stores very large binary data., LONGBLOB, are rules applied to table columns to restrict the type of data that can be inserted into the database. These rules help maintain data integrity and accuracy., Constraints, refer to the four fundamental actions used to manage data in a database, CRUD Operations, is used to insert new records into a database table. In MySQL, this is performed using the INSERT INTO statement., CREATE Operation, is used to retrieve or view data stored in the database. In MySQL, this operation is performed using the SELECT statement., Read operation, is used to modify existing records in a table. In MySQL, this is done using the UPDATE statement., UPDATE Operation, is used to remove records from a database table. In MySQL, this is done using the DELETE statement., Delete operation, is used to filter records based on a specific condition. It allows the database to return only the rows that meet the given condition., WHERE Clause, is used to sort the result of a query in either ascending or descending order, ORDER BY Clause, is used to restrict the number of records returned by a query. It is useful when dealing with large datasets or when only a specific number of results are needed., LIMIT Clause, is a column or a group of columns that uniquely identifies each record in a table. It ensures that every row in the table can be distinguished from all other rows., Primary Key, is a column in one table that references the primary key of another table. It creates a relationship between two tables and ensures that the value in the foreign key column exists in the referenced table., Foreign Key, returns only the records that have matching values in both tables., INNER JOIN, returns all records from the left table and the matching records from the right table. If no match exists, NULL values are returned for the right table., LEFT JOIN, returns all records from the right table and the matching records from the left table, RIGHT JOIN, returns the Cartesian product of two tables. This means every row from the first table is combined with every row from the second table., CROSS JOIN, are SQL functions that perform calculations on multiple rows of data and return a single summarized value. They help analyze and summarize data stored in a database., Aggregate Functions, is used to count the number of rows in a table or the number of values in a column., COUNT() Function, calculates the total sum of a numeric column., SUM() function, calculates the average value of a numeric column., AVG() function, returns the smallest value from a column., MIN() function, returns the largest value from a column., MAX() Function, checks whether a value is NULL. It returns 1 if the value is NULL and 0 if it is not NULL., ISNULL() Function, returns a specified replacement value if the expression is NULL., . IFNULL() Function, joins two or more strings together into one single string., CONCAT() Function, extracts a portion of a string starting from a specified position., SUBSTRING() Function, returns the number of characters in a string., LENGTH() function, removes leading and trailing spaces from a string., TRIM() function, is used to arrange identical data into groups based on one or more columns. It is commonly used with aggregate functions such as COUNT(), SUM(), AVG(),MIN(),MAX(), GROUP BY clause, is used to filter grouped results after the GROUP BY operation. It allows conditions to be applied to aggregated data., HAVING Clause, is the process of organizing data in a database to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity. It involves dividing large tables into smaller related tables and defining relationships between them., Normalization, It is already in First Normal Form , All non-key attributes depend on the entire primary key, not just part of it, Second Normal Form (2NF), Each column contains atomic (indivisible) values Each record can be uniquely identified ,There are no repeating groups or multiple values in a single column ,, First Normal Form (1NF), It is already in Second Normal Form , All columns depend only on the primary key,There are no transitive dependencies (non-key attributes depending on other non-key attributes), Third Normal Form (3NF)

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