What does the statement “words do not mean—speakers do” imply?, Words don’t have fixed meanings; meaning comes from speaker intention and context., Why can pronouns like “she” or “it” be confusing without context?, Pronouns are unclear because they don’t have a fixed referent without context., What are the four main sources of inference in communication?Can you give an example of how world knowledge helps inference?, Co-text, context, world knowledge, cultural schemata., Why is reference considered a social phenomenon?, Reference depends on shared knowledge and social relationships., According to Dell Hymes, why is grammar not enough in language learning?, Because communication also needs context, appropriateness, and real-life use., How does speaker intention influence reference in communication?, Speaker intention decides what the word refers to., What is the difference between explicit and implicit reference?, Explicit = clearly named; implicit = needs inference., Why are authentic situations important in learning reference and inference?, They provide real context for practicing understanding., How does cultural background affect understanding in communication?, Different cultures interpret meaning differently., Why is inference considered a cognitive process?, It involves thinking, reasoning, and connecting information.

REFERENCE & PRAGMATIC INFERENCE

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