The term used to describe the process by which a language is codified through grammars, dictionaries, and literature, often associated with nation-building, is called:, Dialect leveling, Standardization, Mutual intelligibility, Diglossia, In Ferguson’s concept of narrow diglossia, the variety that is acquired naturally at home and used for everyday informal communication is called the:, High (H) variety, Superstrate variety, Low (L) variety, Pidgin variety, The type of language change that Labov defines as occurring below the level of conscious awareness, often reflecting generational shifts, is termed:, Change from above, Hypercorrection, Overt prestige, Change from below, In Labov’s New York City department store study, the phenomenon where lower-middle-class speakers used more postvocalic [r] in formal styles than upper-middle-class speakers was called:, Hypercorrection, Covert prestige, Dialect leveling, Free variation, The term used to describe a line on a dialect map that separates areas based on a particular linguistic feature (e.g., pronunciation, vocabulary) is known as an:, Isotherm, Isobar, Isogloss, Idiolect, When speakers of different languages (e.g., Danes, Swedes, and Norwegians) each speak their own language and still manage to understand each other, this is referred to as:, Receptive multilingualism, Code-switching, Diglossia, Register switching, The approach to language variation that focuses on the quantitative correlation of linguistic variables with social categories such as class, age, and gender is known as:, Interactional sociolinguistics, Variationist sociolinguistics, Linguistic landscaping, Contact linguistics, The concept introduced by Labov to describe the challenge of collecting natural speech (the vernacular) while speakers know they are being observed is called the:, Observer’s paradox, Experimenter effect, Matched-guise problem, Vernacular contradiction, Which factor does NOT influence register?, Audience, Purpose, Weather, Setting, Which of the following is an example of genre?, Formal speech, Informal language, Newspaper article, Polite tone, Which register is used when talking to your close friend?, Formal, Informal, Technical, Academic, What is a glottal stop?, A vowel sound, A pause instead of a ‘t’ sound, A type of stress, A grammar rule, Approximately what percentage of people in England speak RP?, 50%, 25%, 10%, 3%, What is Received Pronunciation (RP)?, A regional dialect, A prestigious English accent, A type of slang, A writing style, Why is a standard language powerful?, Because it has better grammar, Because it is easier to learn, Because of non-linguistic factors (status, politics, etc.), Because it is older

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