The Earth’s surface is not one solid piece. It is broken into plates, like a cracked eggshell. These plates float on a softer layer underneath and are always moving—even if we cannot feel it., Plate tectonics explains how mountains, earthquakes, and volcanoes form. When plates move, they can collide, separate, or slide past each other. These movements shape the land over millions of years., Canada is divided into physical regions based on landforms, climate, and geology. For example, mountains vs. flat plains., Seismologists use tools to measure earthquakes and study how Earth’s plates move. Their work helps us understand natural disasters., Hot material rises, cool material sinks. This movement inside Earth creates convection currents, which push the plates., When two plates collide, one may sink under the other. This is called subduction. It often creates volcanoes and mountains., Earth is about 4.6 billion years old. Scientists divide this time into sections to study how land and life have changed.

Chapter 2 Vocab

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