Anselm, God is “that than which nothing greater can be conceived”; existence in reality is greater than existence in the mind., Gaunilo, Perfect Island criticism — Anselm’s logic could “prove” anything into existence., René Descartes, Triangle analogy — God’s existence is inseparable from God’s essence, just as a triangle must have three angles., Immanuel Kant, Existence is not a predicate — existence adds nothing to the concept of a being., Norman Malcolm, God’s existence is either necessary or impossible; cannot be contingent., David Hume, Critique of necessary existence — no being can be shown to exist necessarily; existence claims must be empirical, Aquinas, Rejected ontological arguments — humans cannot know God’s essence, so cannot reason deductively from definition, Alvin Plantinga, Modal Ontological Argument — possible world in which a maximally great being exists implies existence in all worlds..

Deductive Arguments Revision

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