What is the main goal of syntactic transformation in translation?, To preserve original word order, To achieve formal equivalence, To preserve communicative effect, To simplify grammar, Which transformation is used when English passive is translated into Russian active?, Addition, Transposition, Grammatical substitution, Omission, English: “The book was written by him.” Best Russian strategy:, Keep passive, Use active voice, Omit subject, Add new clause, What happens to theme-rheme structure during translation?, Always stays the same, Must be ignored, May shift to fit target language norms, Becomes irrelevant, English sentence: “On the table stood a vase.”This is an example of:, Omission, Inversion, Addition, Substitution, Why is inversion often translated differently into Russian?, Russian doesn’t allow inversion, Russian uses morphology instead of order, It is incorrect, It changes meaning completely, What is the main difference between English and Russian communicative structure?, English ignores information structure, Russian has no grammar, English relies on word order, Russian on endings and context, They are identical, What transformation is used when one English sentence becomes two in Russian?, Integration, Fragmentation, Compensation, Generalization, Which transformation helps preserve emphasis when structure changes?, Omission, Compensation, Addition, Literal translation, English: “It was John who broke the window.”This structure expresses:, Time, Emphasis, Condition, Negation, Best Russian translation strategy for cleft sentences:, Keep exact structure, Ignore emphasis, Use lexical or syntactic emphasis, Omit subject, What is grammatical substitution?, Replacing one grammatical form with another, Removing grammar, Adding words, Changing vocabulary only, English tends to place new information:, At the beginning, In the middle, At the end, Randomly, Russian can place rheme:, Only at the end, Anywhere depending on emphasis, Only at the start, Nowhere, What happens when literal translation ignores communicative structure?, Text becomes clearer, Meaning may sound unnatural, Grammar improves, Nothing changes, English: “A man entered the room.” Russian translation may start with:, Verb, Object, Predicate, Any element depending on context, Which factor most influences syntactic changes?, Alphabet, Cultural norms of communication, Font style, Punctuation only, What is the role of context in communicative structure?, No role, Determines theme and rheme, Only affects vocabulary, Only affects verbs, English fixed order mainly expresses:, Emotion, Syntax and meaning relations, Style only, Rhythm, The biggest challenge in English–Russian translation is:, Vocabulary, Pronunciation, Maintaining natural information flow, Spelling.

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