Schemas, Mental structures that help organize and interpret information, Academic competence, Knowledge needed to use L2 for studying, research, a profession…, Interpersonal competence, Knowledge needed for face-to-face social communication, Bottom-up processing, Using linguistic knowledge (words, grammar, sounds) to understand input, Top-down processing, Using background knowledge (content, context, culture) to understand input, Contextualization clues, Elements (intonation, vocabulary, pauses) that express meaning beyond surface words, Pragmatic competence, The knowledge that people need in order to interpret and convey meaning within real-life communicative situations., Communication strategies, Techniques that learners use to compensate for limitations in their second language resources (ex. avoiding difficult topics, paraphrasing, making up words…), Circumlocution, When the learner describes an object or event instead of using the exact vocabulary word they don't know., Voice onset time (VOT), The timing between when a consonant sound is released and when the vocal cords start vibrating to produce a vowel., Exaggeration (Phonology), When L2 learners make a phonetic distinction even larger than native speakers do when trying to master a new sound..

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