Perfect modals express: past possibilities or deductions, , The structure is modal+ have+ past participle verb, , Possibility in past (not done)= could have, , Certainty= must have, , Impossibility= can't have, , Regret or criticism= should have/ ought to, , Lack of necessity= didn't need to/ needn't have, , Didn't need to: (We don't know if the action was done, it wasn't necessary), , Needn't have: (Action done but unecessary), , Speculation in past= might/ may/ could have, , She must have gone to sleep, , They might have broken up , , He should have saved more money, , She might have been responsible for the project, , So, she can't have passed the exam, , I shouldn't have gone to that party, , They should have woken up early, , The food must have been mouth‑watering, , But, she could have taken a taxi, , I needn't have studied so much, , They must have been traveling, , He might have kept up with her life, , So the bosses may have been sour‑faced, , She must have eaten them, , That can’t have been my assignment, .
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PERFECT MODALS
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