PROVISIONING, Food grown in urban community gardens focused on planting edibles such as vegetables on rooftops at Tampines’ HDB Blocks, Timber can be used to make benches at nearby parks., CULTURAL, Bukit Timah Nature Reserve is a site for residents to engage in recreational activities such as hiking., Bukit Timah Nature Reserve provides educational opportunities when geography students engage in fieldwork., SUPPORTING, Animals like wild bees are key to crop pollination which is vital as it ensures that crops are able to reproduce to provide food for animals and humans., Soil is essential for the health of all terrestrial ecosystems as it provides a habitat for billions of organisms and contributes to biodiversity., The process of photosynthesis ensures that all other ecosystem services can function., REGULATING, Forests on a larger-scale can help to cool areas by generating rainfall, Trees in Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park can lower surface and air temperatures by providing shade to residents., The vegetation cover in Bishan-Ang Mo Kio park can reduce surface runoff by retaining water in the soil. This is a key service provided by natural land cover., The trees in the park play an important role in maintaining air quality by removing pollutants from the atmosphere.

2.2 Ecosystem Services

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