The first and second lines of defense against microbial invasion are part of, adaptive immunity, microbial antagonism, species resistance, innate immunity, species immunity, The second line of defense against invading microbes includes, the skin, microbiota, phagocytic leukocytes, antibodies, mucous membranes, Response to specific pathogens that can improve with subsequent exposure is, the third line of defense, innate immunity, the first line of defense, the second line of defense, microbial antagonism, Which of the following cells increase in number during an infection with parasitic worms?, basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, Which of the following mucous membranes has cilia to aid shedding?, nasal cavity, mouth, mouth, nasal cavity, and urinary system, urinary system, lower respiratory system, Protection from infection known as species resistance is a result of, both the absence of necessary receptors and lack of suitable environment in the body, the absence of receptors required for microbial attachment, the lack of suitable environment in the body, the presence of phagocytes in the tissues, the salty, acidic condition of normal skin, Which of the following statements regarding the surface of the skin is FALSE?, It is acidic, It has goblet cells, It is salty, It has normal microbiota, It has sebum as a coating, Which of the following contributes to protecting the eyes from microbial invasion?, A mucus layer traps and removes microbes, Tears mechanically flush particles from the eyes, Tears and mucus combine to trap microbes and remove them, Tears contain lysozyme and salt and mechanically flush particles from the eyes, Tears contain lysozyme and salt, Which of the following is the best definition of "microbial antagonism"?, the ability of microbiota to mutate into pathogens, the presence of pathogens on the surface of the skin, which will invade the body through abrasions, the presence of resident bacteria on the surface of the body and in cavities that connect to the surface, the presence of normal microbiota that can become pathogens under certain conditions, the presence of normal microbiota that protect the body by competing with pathogens in a variety of ways to prevent pathogens from invading the body, Mucous membranes are quite thin and fragile. How can such delicate tissue provide defense against microbial invaders?, The mucus secreted by the mucous membrane physically traps microbes, The mucus contains a variety of antimicrobial chemicals and molecules, The mucus physically traps microbes, contains a variety of antimicrobial chemicals, and is shed constantly, along with the outermost layer of cells, Both the mucus and the outer layer of cells are shed frequently, The mucus is a physical trap that contains a variety of antimicrobial chemicals, What antibacterial chemical is present in tear fluid?, interferon, defensins, complement, antibodies, lysozyme, Which of the following statements about eosinophil function is CORRECT?, They attach to the surface of parasitic helminths and release toxins that kill the parasite, They secrete toxins onto virally infected cells, They identify and spare normal cells, They are involved in the removal of neoplastic cells, They produce defensins, Antimicrobial peptides called ________ are secreted in sweat and damage bacteria and fungi., complement factors, cytokines, dermcidins, TLRs, antibodies, The complement cascade and its by-products contribute to, attracting phagocytes to sites of infection, both triggering inflammation and attracting phagocytes to sites of infection, triggering inflammation and release of interferons, triggering release of interferons, triggering inflammation, Cells of the second line of defense called ________ recognize and kill virus-infected cells., basophils, eosinophils, macrophages, NK cells, dendritic cells, Which of the following is NOT a stage of phagocytosis?, chemotaxis, secretion of cytotoxins, adhesion, elimination, vesicle fusion, Mannose sugar occurs on the surface of some bacteria and fungi and can trigger the, release of cytotoxins by NK cells, release of histamines by basophils, classical pathway of complement activation, lectin pathway of complement activation, release of NETs by neutrophils, Which of the following are phagocytic cells descended from monocytes?, alveolar macrophages, dendritic cells, microglial cells, alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells, alveolar macrophages and microglial cells, Which of the following cells is a component of the body's first line defense?, monocyte, goblet cell, NK cell, neutrophil, microglial cells, Which of the following are agranulocytes?, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, neutrophils, erythrocytes, Which cell becomes a macrophage when leaving the bloodstream?, monocyte, lymphocyte, basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil, The components of the second line of defense against microbes may be characterized as, responders to invasion, passive barriers, mechanisms to strengthen the first line of defense, detecting the unique features of specific pathogens, both passive barriers and detecting specific pathogen features, Which of the following proteins are part of the first line of defense against microbial invasion?, NOD proteins, interferons, TLRs, C3 and C5, dermcidins, Which of the following are among the activities of neutrophils?, formation of neutrophil extracellular traps, enzyme production that leads to the formation of nitric oxide, release of histamines, formation of neutrophil extracellular traps and production of nitric oxide, formation of neutrophil extracellular traps and release of histamines, Iron in plasma is complexed with ________ which prevents some microbes acquiring it., transferrin, siderophores, hemolysin, ferritin, gastroferritin, Which of the following statements regarding phagocyte recognition of pathogens is TRUE?, Lectins on the surface of microbes are bound by chemokine receptors., TLRs in the phagocyte cytoplasmic membrane bind surface structures of microbes., NOD proteins on the surface of microbes are detected by TLRs., TLRs on the surface of microbes trigger the accumulation of opsonins., MACs on the surface of microbes are detected by NOD proteins., Alpha and beta interferons, help protect virus-infected cells from the effects of the pathogen., produce active antiviral proteins (AVPs) that coat the surface of healthy cells and prevent the attachment of pathogenic viruses., are produced by infected fibroblasts and macrophages., protect the cells that secrete them from being invaded by a virus., produce no adverse effects in the body., Receptors known as ________ are receptors for microbial molecules in the cytoplasm., NOD proteins, TLRs, lectins, MACs, NETs, The alternative pathway of complement cascade activation begins with ________ binding to the surface of a microbe., C5b, factor B, C1, C5a, C3b, Fever is beneficial during viral infection because the higher temperature, increases interferon effectiveness, prevents fibroblast infection, increases vasodilation, increases sweating, inactivates interferons, Which of the following substances contributes to the edema associated with inflammation?, leukotrienes, defensin, interferon, leukotrienes and histamine, histamine, Which of the following is NOT an example of a walled-off site of infection that contains a fluid made of dead and dying tissue cells, leukocytes, and pathogens?, a boil, a tumor, a pustule, an abscess, a pimple

Chapter 15- Micro textbook- Patho

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