Vulnerability, A weakness in a system that cybercriminals can exploit to gain unauthorised access, Network Vulnerability, Weaknesses in a network’s design, implementation, or management that can be exploited., Port, A connection point (like a doorway) that allows data to enter and leave a computer or network., Firewall, A hardware or software security system that controls incoming and outgoing network traffic., Well-known Ports, Standard port numbers (0–1023) used for common services like HTTP and email, Registered Ports, Ports (1024–49151) used by operating systems and specific applications, Dynamic (Private) Ports, Temporary ports (49152–65535) used for custom or short-term connections, Open Port, A port that is accessible and can be used by attackers as an entry point into a system., Spoofing, Pretending to be a trusted device or user to gain access to a system., IP Spoofing, Faking an IP address to appear as a trusted source, Email Spoofing, Sending emails that appear to come from a trusted sender, Denial of Service (DoS), An attack that floods a system with requests, causing it to slow down or crash., External Storage Device, Portable devices (e.g. USB, SSD) used to store data, which can introduce malware or be stolen., Permissions/Privileges, Rules that control what users can access or do (e.g. read, write, modify), Password Policy, A set of rules for creating and managing secure passwords, Password Manager, Software that securely stores and generates passwords using a master password, Software Vulnerability, A weakness in software that can be exploited, often due to poor design or lack of updates., Hash Check, A method of verifying that a file has not been altered or tampered with., Zero-day Exploit, An attack that targets a software flaw unknown to developers, Patch, A small software update that fixes a bug or security issue., SQL Injection, An attack where malicious SQL code is inserted to access or manipulate a database., Operating System (OS) Vulnerability, Weaknesses caused by outdated systems, missing updates, or poor security settings., OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer), A company that builds hardware devices such as smartphones or laptops, Physical Vulnerability, Risks such as theft of devices or unauthorised physical access to systems., Cloud Computing, Storing and accessing data over the internet instead of local devices, with associated security risks., Internet of Things (IoT), Network of connected smart devices that can be vulnerable due to weak security.

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