Definitions; general statements; (present simple tense), descriptions of the research so far (often using present perfect); mentioning "gaps" or problems in previous research, 1. Background, The study's objective, e.g. "This study examines ..." ; vocabulary and structures relating to aims/goals/purposes, e.g. "this study aims to ...". Note: an aim or purpose can be implied, e.g. "in order to find out if there are any differences...", 2. Aim or purpose of the study, Vocabulary relating to research design and participants, e.g. "questionnaires, surveys, interviews, experiments, analysis, qualitative, quantitative, 350 (students), control groups, participants", 3. Method(s), Vocabulary and structures relating to research results, e.g. "Preliminary results of the research show ...", "It was found that ..."; "Findings reveal/revealed that ...", 4. Findings/Results, Limitations of the study; meaning of the study; future directions for more research, e.g. "These results have implications for..." / "Further research is needed", 5. Conclusions/Implications

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