Protein extraction, the process of isolating proteins from plant or animal tissues for laboratory analysis, Flow cytometry, a laboratory technique used to measure the characteristics of individual cells, including their DNA content, RNA isolation, the process of extracting RNA from cells or tissues for molecular analysis, Agarose gel electrophoresis, a laboratory technique used to separate DNA fragments according to their size using an electric current, Ploidy analysis, the determination of the number of chromosome sets in a cell or organism, Molecular marker, a specific DNA sequence used to identify genes, genetic variation, or particular plant traits, DNA isolation, the process of extracting DNA from cells or tissues for genetic analysis, DNA bands, visible lines on a gel representing DNA fragments of different sizes after electrophoresis, PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), a technique used to amplify specific DNA fragments, producing millions of copies, Genome size estimation, the measurement of the total amount of DNA contained in an organism's genome

Unit 5. Molecular section

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