Which of the following correctly defines excretion in humans?, the breakdown of excess amino acids into urea in the liver, The removal of undigested food from the alimentary canal, the removal of metabolic waste products and toxic materials from the body, The release of manufactured chemical substances from a cell, Which organ is responsible for the production of urea in the human body?, Liver, Bladder, Kidney, Skin, What is the primary function of the glomerulus in the nephron?, Ultrafiltration of blood under high pressure, osmoregulation by altering permeability to water, selective reabsorption of glucose and amino acids, active transport of mineral salts into the collecting duct, An analysis of a healthy individual's glomerular filtrate shows the presence of glucose. However, no glucose is found in their urine. Where did the glucose disappear?, It was converted to glycogen and collected at the collecting duct, It was broken down by respiration at the loop of Henle, It was filtered out during ultrafiltration into the renal vein, It was selectively reabsorbed into the proximal convoluted tubule, Which of the following combinations correctly identifies the contents of the fluid inside the Bowman's capsule of a healthy person?, glucose, amino acids, mineral salts and water, proteins, mineral salts, glucose, amino acids, Urea, uric acid, water, red blood cells, glucose, urea, water, A patient's urine test reveals a significant concentration of large plasma proteins. Damage to which structural component of the kidney most likely caused this?, Loop of Henle, collecting duct, proximal convoluted tubule, glomerular basement membrane, On a very hot day, a student plays soccer and sweats heavily but forgets to drink water. How will their body respond to maintain osmoregulation?, The renal artery constricts to prevent water from reaching the nephron, the pituitary gland releases more ADH, making collecting duct more permeable to water, the pituitary gland releases less ADH, making collecting duct less permeable to water, the hypothalamus signals the kidney to stop ultrafiltration completely, Which of the following describes the correct relative concentrations of urea in the given blood vessels?, renal vein > renal artery > hepatic vein, hepatic vein > renal artery > renal vein, Hepatic vein > renal vein > renal artery, renal artery > hepatic vein > renal vein, What structural feature of the cells lining the proximal convoluted tubule directly assists their primary function?, large numbers of chloroplasts for energy release, A lack of mitochondria to have more space for the nucleus, thick waxy cuticle to prevent water from escaping, presence of microvilli to increase surface area for reabsorption, During a dialysis session for a patient with kidney failure, what is a key feature of the dialysis fluid used?, It contains a high concentration of urea, it is kept at a much lower temperature than the body, It has the same concentration of glucose and mineral salts as healthy blood plasma, contains no glucose so that glucose from the patient's blood can be filtered out, Why is the dialysis tubing inside a kidney machine long and coiled?, to allow blood cells to settle to the bottom, to slow down blood flow so that active transport can take place, to increase blood pressure so that ultrafiltration can take place in the machine, to increase surface area and provide more time for efficient diffusion of waste products, Which of the following correctly pairs the excretory product with its primary organ of elimination?, Bile ---Kidney, Mineral salts --- Lungs, Urea ---alimentary canal, carbon dioxide --- lungs, A sample of fluid is taken from a mystery vessel in the kidney. The data shows: High pressure, high concentration of oxygen, contains proteins, glucose, and urea. Which vessel was sampled?, afferent arteriole, Bowman's capsule, renal vein, collecting duct, Which of the following changes would lead to an increase in the volume of urine produced by a human body?, an increase in salt intake on a dry day, inhibition of ADH by drinking large volume of water, an increase in temperature leading to increase sweating, constriction of afferent arteriole into glomerulus, A mutation causes an animal's loop of Henle to be significantly shorter than normal. What impact will this have on its survival in a desert environment?, It will excrete solid crystals of urea instead of liquid urine, it will be highly advantageous because less energy will be spent on active transport, will struggle to survive as it cannot reabsorb as much water, leading to dilute urine, it will produce extremely concentrated urine to prevent water loss, Why is the pressure inside the glomerular capillaries much higher than the pressure in ordinary capillaries elsewhere in the body?, because the loop of Henle continuously pumps blood upwards, the diameter of the afferent arteriole is wider than efferent arteriole, because kidney is located right next to the heart, walls of Bowman's capsule actively contract to squeeze the capillaries

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