functions, Set of ordered pairs: {(1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6), (4, 8), (5, 10)}, Mapping: Each x → only one y (1→3, 2→5, 3→7, 4→9, 5→11), Equation: y = 2x + 1, Graph: A straight line passing the Vertical Line Test, relation, Set of ordered pairs: {(1, 3), (2, 5), (2, 7), (3, 9), (4, 11)}, Mapping: One x points to two different y-values (1→2, 1→4, 2→6, 3→8, 4→10), Equation: x² + y² = 25 (circle equation), Graph: A parabola opening to the right fails the Vertical Line Test

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