(5 Points) Which term refers to the outpouring of magma onto the surface of the Earth? A. Eruption ✅ B. Earthquake, (5 Points) Which Hawaiian term describes lava with a smooth, ropy surface texture when it cools? A. Pāhoehoe ✅ B. 'A'ā, (5 Points) Which Hawaiian term refers to thick lava that cools quickly into a rough, spiky, jagged surface? A. 'A'ā ✅ B. Pāhoehoe, (5 Points) Which Philippine government agency is tasked with monitoring volcanoes, earthquakes, and tsunamis? A. PHIVOLCS ✅ B. PAGASA, (5 Points) Which instrument is specifically used by seismologists to detect and record seismic waves? A. Seismograph ✅ B. Barometer, (5 Points) The point on the Earth's surface located directly above the point where an earthquake originates is called the: A. Epicenter ✅ B. Focus, (5 Points) Which body seismic wave travels the fastest and arrives first at a seismic recording station? A. P-waves (Primary waves) ✅ B. S-waves (Secondary waves), (5 Points) What paper graph or digital visual recording is produced by a seismograph showing earthquake waves? A. Seismogram ✅ B. Radiogram, (5 Points) What scale measures the magnitude or total energy released at the source of an earthquake? A. Richter Scale ✅ B. Modified Mercalli Scale, (5 Points) What basic safety action should you perform IMMEDIATELY during ground shaking in an indoor location? A. Drop, Cover, and Hold On under a sturdy desk or table ✅ B. Run toward the exit doors and elevators immediately, (10 Points) Which type of volcanic eruption involves the release of steam caused by the interaction of groundwater with heated magma? A. Phreatic eruption ✅ B. Hawaiian eruption, (10 Points) Which highly explosive eruption style is characterized by tall columns of ash and gas that reach the stratosphere? A. Plinian eruption ✅ B. Effusive eruption, (10 Points) Which of the following is NOT an indication of an impending volcanic eruption? A. Heavy seasonal rainfall ✅ B. Increased frequency of volcanic earthquakes, (10 Points) Underwater lava eruptions that cool rapidly upon contact with seawater form smooth, rounded structures called: A. Pillow lava ✅ B. Lahars, (10 Points) What volcanic hazard consists of a high-speed, fast-moving mixture of extremely hot gas, ash, and rock fragments? A. Pyroclastic flow ✅ B. Effusive lava fountain, (10 Points) What volcanic hazard is formed when ash and debris mix with heavy rain or melting ice to form dangerous mudflows? A. Lahar ✅ B. Tephra, (10 Points) The actual physical point beneath Earth's surface where rock fracture originates during an earthquake is the: A. Focus (Hypocenter) ✅ B. Epicenter, (10 Points) Which type of seismic wave produces transverse (side-to-side) motion and travels through solids only? A. S-waves ✅ B. P-waves, (10 Points) The observable effects of an earthquake on human structures and the natural environment are measured using the: A. Modified Mercalli Scale ✅ B. Richter Scale, (10 Points) Earthquakes caused by the sudden slippage of tectonic plates along crustal faults are classified as: A. Tectonic earthquakes ✅ B. Volcanic earthquakes, (10 Points) What method is used by seismologists to locate the epicenter of an earthquake using data from at least three stations? A. Triangulation ✅ B. Subduction, (15 Points) An explosive eruption triggered by direct physical contact between magma and water is known as a: A. Phreatomagmatic eruption ✅ B. Hawaiian eruption, (15 Points) Why must people cover their nose and mouth with a damp cloth during ashfall from a volcanic eruption? A. To avoid inhaling hazardous microscopic rock particles and silica dust ✅ B. To absorb toxic radiation from the volcano, (15 Points) If swept away by a tsunami wave and caught in moving water, which action gives the highest chance of survival? A. Grab onto a sturdy floating object to stay above water and protect your head ✅ B. Swim forcefully against the current toward the shore, (15 Points) Why does the Pacific Ring of Fire experience frequent earthquakes and volcanic activity? A. Subduction zones along oceanic trenches generate frequent earthquakes and magma ✅ B. It is located directly along the Equator where ocean currents are warmest, (15 Points) Volcanism that occurs far away from plate boundaries due to deep heat plumes in the Earth's mantle is called: A. Hotspot volcanism ✅ B. Subduction zone volcanism, (15 Points) If you are indoors when heavy volcanic ash begins to fall outside, what is the best immediate action? A. Close all doors and windows and turn off fans/air conditioners ✅ B. Open all doors and windows for ventilation, (15 Points) Which type of seismic waves cause the most severe structural damage to surface buildings during an earthquake? A. Surface waves ✅ B. P-waves, (15 Points) Which of the following is NOT a natural warning sign of an approaching tsunami at the coast? A. Large numbers of surface sea life swimming near the shore ✅ B. Rapid and unusual receding of coastal ocean waters, (15 Points) If you feel a strong earthquake near a beach and see seawater suddenly pull far back, what should you do? A. Immediately run inland to high ground or upper floors of a reinforced building ✅ B. Walk toward the exposed seabed to collect shells, (15 Points) Why do deep-focus earthquakes generally cause less surface damage than shallow-focus earthquakes of equal magnitude? A. Wave energy dissipates as it travels through a greater distance of bedrock ✅ B. Deep-focus earthquakes do not produce S-waves, (15 Points) What makes a subduction zone boundary the most common location for tsunami generation? A. Subducting plates experience vertical displacement that lifts or drops the water column ✅ B. Oceanic trenches contain no water pressure, (15 Points) Town A is in a shallow, gently sloping bay. Town B is on a steep, elevated cliff. How do their tsunami risks compare? A. Town A has a much higher risk of widespread inundation from amplified wave energy ✅ B. Town B has a higher risk because tsunami waves increase in height on steep cliffs, (15 Points) Station X has a 4-minute delay between P and S waves. Station Y has a 1-minute delay. What does this mean? A. Station Y is closer to the epicenter because a shorter time gap indicates a nearer source ✅ B. Station X is located closer to the epicenter than Station Y, (15 Points) Two areas experience a Magnitude 6.5 earthquake. Region 1 suffers severe destruction while Region 2 reports minor wall cracks. Why? A. Magnitude measures total source energy released, while Intensity measures localized shaking damage ✅ B. Region 2 was located directly on the hypocenter while Region 1 was far away

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