refers to the process of knowing particular information from various sources applying various methods., INQUIRY, is the careful examination of a particular fact by looking into the evidence needed to clarify concepts. The root word ‘search’ means looking into something closely and systematically, while prefix ‘re’ means again., RESEARCH, Companies and businesses use quantitative research methods to gather data and information to help them become more productive and profitable., Business and Marketing, With the innovations introduced by scientists and pioneers, doctors, and medical professionals, world have utilized quantitative research methods to develop evidence based medicine (EVB). EVB uses the best available research and scientific evidence clinical research to care for patients., Health and Medical Sciences, HR department use research to manage human capital of the company or organization such as tracking of the employee’s productivity using timekeeping devices and using analytics to gain insights on how employees manage their time., Human Resources Management, Social Sciences research is the scientific study of human society and social relationships. It is a broad field that analyzes and explores how people behave, and interact with the world around them. Social Science researchers are also interested in developing new concepts and theories that “would facilitate the reliable and valid study of human behavior and social life”., Social Sciences, Surveys and opinion polls have become the staple of politicians and political groups to measure and ascertain the voting preferences of the electorate. Survey firms conduct political surveys and polls to determine the support for certain candidates or determine the voting patterns of various demographics., Political Science and Politics, Government agencies conduct censuses and use research to determine the demographic and social profile of the population. These agencies analyze characteristics such as age, sex, income, disabilities, mobility, marital status, number of children, education, homeownership, employment status, and etc., Demography, This field extensively uses research in testing, measuring, gathering, and analyzing data involving human behavior and psychological processes., Psychology, Economists and economic managers rely on statistics and mathematical models to study economic phenomena, gauge market behavior, and forecast economic trends., Economics, Scientists and researchers used experimentation to study the natural world around us. Experimental research methods such as laboratory testing of one or more variables manipulated in order to support the hypothesis., Natural Sciences, It is a research process that uses a questionnaire administered to the respondents. The data gathered will be tallied, presented, and statistically analyzed, and eventually will be a basis of findings wherein conclusions are drawn, and recommendations are formulated., SURVEY / DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH, METHODS OF SURVEY RESEARCH, 1. FACE-TO-FACE 2. PHONE 3. ONLINE/E-MAIL, The most common means necessary to be employed when there are complicated issues that a researcher would like to address., FACE-TO-FACE, useful method in collecting data for survey research from a larger section of the target population., PHONE, One of the most prevalent survey research methods nowadays, considering the technological advancement at present., ONLINE/E-MAIL, A non-experimental method wherein the researcher measures two or more variables, understands these variables, and assesses their relationship using statistics with no influence from any unnecessary variable., CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH, TYPES OF CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH, 1. No correlation. Positive correlation 3. Negative correlation, when one variable increases as the other variable increases or when one variable decreases as the other variable decreases., Positive correlation, when one variable increases while the other variable decreases and vice versa., Negative correlation, when two variables are not correlated, meaning, a change in one variable may not have a necessary impact on the other variable., No correlation, Undertaken using scientific approach; Researchers should carry out decisions based on sufficient data; Should be done to discover facts, EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH, It is used to find relationship between variables (DV and IV) after the occurrence of an event or action., CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE RESEARCH, is a representation of measurable characteristic that varies across the experiment whether comparing results between multiple groups, multiple people or even when using a single person in an experiment conducted overtime. A variable is anything that varies in quantity or quality., VARIABLES, BASIC VARIABLE TYPES, 1. INDEPENDENT 2. DEPENDENT 3. INTERVENING AND MODERATOR 4. ANTACEDENT 5. CONSTANT AND CONTROLLABLE 6. EXTRANEOUS, the researcher in an undertaking usually manipulates a variable and determines the effect of that manipulation on the remaining variables., Independent Variable, this is measured in each subject, which may be influenced by manipulation of the independent variable. The dependent variable in an experimental research is the variable influenced by, Dependent (Outcome Variable), These variables connect or link both IV and DV. However, being an abstract process, the said variables are not directly shown during the process of research., Intervening and Moderator Variable, An independent variable that precedes the other independent variables. These are the variables which affects the link between the cause, connecting, and effect variables., Antecedent Variable, These variables are deliberately left unchanged., Constant or Controlled Variables, These are variables that researcher is not intentionally studying in his/her undertaking., Extraneous Variables (unforeseen factors), TAXONOMY OF VARIABLES, 1. Categorical Variables 2. Numerical Variables, Variables that may be classified into categories or may be placed in rank orders., CATEGORICAL VARIABLES, Categorical Variable have:, NOMINAL VARIABLE AND ORDINAL, It enables the classification of individuals, objects, or responses based on a common property or characteristic. It is limited to descriptive categories., NOMINAL VARIABLE, It has all the characteristics of a nominal variable but ranked in a certain order. The relative position of one case is known., ORDINAL VARIABLE, Variables having absolute numerical values or measures., NUMERICAL VARIABLE, NUMERICAL VARIABLE HAVE:, RATIO AND INTERVAL VARIABLES, It describes a variable whose attributes are rank-ordered and have equal distances between adjacent attributes. They do not have a “true zero” value, since zero does not actually represent none or nothing., INTERVAL VARIABLE, It has all the characteristics of nominal, ordinal, and interval measures. They are based on a fixed starting point or a “true zero point”. The value of zero represents none or nothing), RATIO VARIABLE, “The issue or problem leading to the need of the research” (Cresswell, 2014), THE RESEARCH TOPIC, A good research title reflects the critical points of your research: the variables (what you are trying to look at), your chosen research design (how you look at your variables), and the scope of your study (what is covered by your study), THE RESEARCH TITLE, is the core issue or gap in knowledge that your study aims to address. It’s usually based on observations, literature reviews, or real-world challenges. It sets the context and justification for your research. A research problem is a statement about an area of concern, a condition to be improved, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in scholarly literature, in theory, or in practice that points to the need for meaningful understanding and deliberate investigation. In some social science disciplines, the research problem is typically posed in the form of a question., THE RESEARCH PROBLEM, Defined as specific questions about behavior, event, or phenomena of interest that you wish to seek answer for your research. It can delve into issues of what, why, how, when or so forth., THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS, are specific, measurable goals that a study aims to achieve. They break down the broader research question into focused tasks that guide the methodology, data collection, and analysis., THE RESEARCH OBJECTIVES, stands for Introduction, Methodology, Results, and Discussion, is a common structure used in scientific and research writing. It provides a clear and logical way to present research findings, ensuring that the study's context, methodology, outcomes, and implications are effectively communicated., IMRaD, This is a concise summary of a longer work, like a research paper or dissertation, that gives readers a quick overview of the study's purpose, methods, results, and conclusions., ABSTRACT, This part of the research paper provides context and rationale of the study. It outlines the existing knowledge, identifies gaps, and explains why your research is necessary and important. Essentially, it sets the stage for your study by explaining what is already known, what is unknown, and how your research will contribute to the field., RESEARCH BACKGROUND / BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY, It is a comprehensive summary of previous research on a topic., RRL / REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE, States the audience who will benefit from a study of the problem and explains how exactly will the results be significant to them., SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY, This part of the paper defines the boundaries of your study and acknowledges its constraints. It helps readers understand what your research covers and what it does not, ensuring clarity and transparency., SCOPE AND LIMITATION, These are clear, concise statements that define what your study aims to achieve. They guide the direction of your research and help readers understand its purpose., RESEARCH OBJECTIVES, It is an area or topic within a field of study that has not been sufficiently explored or answered by existing research., RESEARCH GAP, This part of the research provides a common worldview or lens from which to support one’s thinking on the problem and analysis of data. It convinces readers that the study is not based on the personal instincts of the researcher but rather on established framework gathered via credible studies., THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK, It is seen as an outline of courses of action or preferred approach to a thought to be carried out in a research study., CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK, is the overall strategy or framework for conducting a research study. It outlines the methods and procedures for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data to address a specific research question or problem., RESEARCH DESIGN, a physical or virtual location where research activities are conducted or research data is stored. It can be a physical space like a laboratory or a university campus, or a virtual space like a website or online database providing access to research materials. Essentially, it's the environment where researchers gather data, conduct experiments, and analyze information., RESEARCH SITE, are the individuals who participate in a study by providing data or information. They are the people who answer questions, complete surveys, or engage in interviews to contribute to the research findings., RESPONDENTS, is a systematic approach to collecting information for a specific purpose, like research or business analysis. It involves defining what data is needed, how it will be collected, and the methods for ensuring accuracy and reliability., DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE, is the process of systematically collecting, cleaning, transforming, describing, modeling, and interpreting data, generally employing statistical techniques., DATA ANALYSIS, is a tool or device used to collect, measure, and analyze data in research. Common examples include surveys, questionnaires, interviews, tests, and observation forms., RESEARCH INSTRUMENT, TABULAR DATA, NARRATIVE DATA, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS

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