A firewall is a hardware- or software-based network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic according to predefined security rules., A firewall acts as a security barrier between a trusted internal network and an untrusted external network, such as the Internet., Accept — allows the traffic., Reject — blocks the traffic and sends a response., Drop — blocks the traffic without sending a response., Importance of firewall: prevents unauthorized access to the network., Importance of firewall: blocks malicious and unwanted traffic., Importance of firewall: protects sensitive data and network resources., Importance of firewall: controls access to network services and applications., Importance of firewall: monitors and records network traffic and security events., Working of a firewall: incoming or outgoing packets pass through the firewall., Working of a firewall: the firewall examines the packet information., Working of a firewall: it compares the packet with predefined security rules., Working of a firewall: if the traffic is allowed, it is accepted., Working of a firewall: if the traffic is unauthorized, it is rejected or dropped., Working of a firewall: if no specific rule matches, the default policy is applied., Packet Filtering Firewall — filters packets using IP addresses, port numbers, and protocols., Stateful Inspection Firewall — monitors the state of active network connections., Proxy Firewall — acts as an intermediary between the client and the destination server., Circuit-Level Gateway — monitors TCP connections and network sessions., Web Application Firewall (WAF) — protects web applications by filtering HTTP/HTTPS traffic., Next-Generation Firewall (NGFW) — provides advanced security features such as application control and intrusion prevention., Network Firewall — protects an entire network., Host-Based Firewall — protects an individual computer or server., Perimeter Firewall — placed at the boundary between an internal network and an external network., Internal Firewall — protects different sections of an internal network., Distributed Firewall — provides firewall protection across multiple hosts or network locations., Hardware Firewall — a physical device used to control network traffic., Software Firewall — a software application installed on a computer or server., Advantage of firewall: prevents unauthorized access., Advantage of firewall: filters unwanted traffic., Advantage of firewall: protects network resources., Advantage of firewall: controls network access., Limitation of firewall: cannot stop all cyberattacks., Limitation of firewall: cannot fully prevent insider attacks., Limitation of firewall: wrong configuration can cause security risks.

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