1900s–1950s, Phonographs, radio, slides, films; Direct Method, native-speaker voices, 1950s–1970s, Language labs, PLATO, TICCIT; "Restricted" CALL, behaviorism, Audio Lingual Method, Late 1970s–Early 1980s, Apple II, IBM PC, HyperCard, WinCALIS; Early Communicative/Open CALL, transition away from drills, The 1980s, Montevidisco videodisc, satellite news, rural telecourses; Communicative CALL, active simulation-based communication, The 1990s, World Wide Web, Unicode, Moodle, Rosetta Stone; Mature Communicative/Open CALL, communicative competence, authentic media, The 21st Century, Smartphones, mobile learning "in the wild", Cultura exchange; Integrative CALL, sociocultural learning, the social turn, "normalization"

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