A hospitalized patient’s serum creatinine increases from 80 µmol/L to 110 µmol/L within 48 hours. According to KDIGO criteria, which diagnosis is most appropriate?, A. Chronic kidney disease, B. Acute kidney injury, C. Nephrotic syndrome, D. End-stage kidney disease, Which finding alone meets the KDIGO diagnostic criteria for acute kidney injury?, A. Urine output of 1 mL/kg/hour for 6 hours, B. Serum creatinine increase to 1.2 times baseline over 7 days, C. Serum creatinine increase to 1.5 times baseline within 7 days, D. Proteinuria persisting for 2 months, A 70-kg adult produces 25 mL of urine per hour for 6 consecutive hours. Which interpretation is correct?, A. The urine output is normal, B. The patient meets the urine-output criterion for AKI, C. The patient has polyuria, D. The patient has chronic kidney disease, Acute kidney injury caused by reduced blood flow to the kidneys is classified as:, A. Pre-kidney AKI, B. Intrinsic AKI, C. Post-kidney AKI, D. Chronic kidney disease, A patient develops severe vomiting and diarrhea followed by hypotension, oliguria, and an increased serum creatinine. What is the most likely category of AKI?, A. Pre-kidney AKI due to hypovolaemia, B. Intrinsic AKI due to glomerulonephritis, C. Post-kidney AKI due to obstruction, D. Chronic kidney disease, A patient with severe congestive heart failure develops oliguria and an acute rise in serum creatinine. There is no evidence of urinary obstruction. What is the most likely initial mechanism?, A. Reduced renal perfusion, B. Ureteric obstruction, C. Immune-complex deposition, D. Direct tubular obstruction by renal calculi, Which condition is a common cause of intrinsic acute kidney injury?, A. Severe diarrhea, B. Acute tubular necrosis, C. Benign prostatic hyperplasia, D. Urinary retention, A 75-year-old man presents with difficulty urinating, a distended bladder, oliguria, and an acute rise in serum creatinine. What is the most likely diagnosis?, A. Pre-kidney AKI caused by dehydration, B. Intrinsic AKI caused by vasculitis, C. Post-kidney AKI caused by urinary obstruction, D. Chronic glomerulonephritis, Which condition is most likely to cause post-kidney acute kidney injury?, A. Haemorrhage, B. Sepsis, C. Bilateral ureteric obstruction, D. Acute interstitial nephritis, Which patient has the greatest susceptibility to developing AKI?, A. A healthy 20-year-old with normal kidney function, B. An older patient with diabetes and chronic kidney disease, C. A young adult with seasonal allergic rhinitis, D. A patient with a simple skin wound, Which medication is most strongly associated with nephrotoxic acute kidney injury?, A. Gentamicin, B. Paracetamol at a therapeutic dose, C. Loratadine, D. Oral glucose, A dehydrated older patient develops AKI after taking a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. What is the most likely contributing effect?, A. Impaired kidney perfusion, B. Increased urinary outflow, C. Increased glomerular filtration, D. Increased erythropoietin production, A patient with severe sepsis develops hypotension, oliguria and an acute increase in serum creatinine. Which mechanisms may contribute to the AKI?, A. Reduced kidney perfusion and acute tubular necrosis, B. Increased kidney perfusion only, C. Isolated bladder-outlet obstruction, D. Increased erythropoietin secretion, A patient with severe acute pancreatitis develops intravascular volume depletion and AKI because of extensive third-space fluid loss. What type of AKI is most likely initially?, A. Pre-kidney AKI, B. Glomerular intrinsic AKI, C. Post-kidney AKI, D. Chronic kidney disease, Which physiological response occurs when kidney perfusion decreases?, A. Increased sodium and water reabsorption, B. Suppression of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, C. Reduced antidiuretic hormone release, D. Increased urinary sodium loss, Reduced circulating blood volume stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone. What is the main renal effect?, A. Increased tubular water reabsorption, B. Increased potassium filtration, C. Reduced urine concentration, D. Increased sodium excretion, Prolonged severe renal hypoperfusion may progress from pre-kidney AKI to:, A. Acute tubular necrosis, B. Benign prostatic hyperplasia, C. Nephrolithiasis, D. Polycystic kidney disease, A patient’s serum creatinine increases from 100 µmol/L to 170 µmol/L within 7 days. Urine output remains normal. What is the KDIGO AKI stage?, A. No AKI, B. Stage 1, C. Stage 2, D. Stage 3, A patient’s serum creatinine increases from 80 µmol/L to 200 µmol/L within 7 days. What is the KDIGO AKI stage?, A. Stage 1, B. Stage 2, C. Stage 3, D. Chronic kidney disease stage 2, A patient’s serum creatinine increases from 100 µmol/L to 310 µmol/L. What is the KDIGO AKI stage?, A. Stage 1, B. Stage 2, C. Stage 3, D. The stage cannot be determined, A patient has a urine output of 0.4 mL/kg/hour for 8 consecutive hours. What is the KDIGO AKI stage based on urine output?, A. No AKI, B. Stage 1, C. Stage 2, D. Stage 3, A patient has a urine output of 0.4 mL/kg/hour for 14 consecutive hours. What is the KDIGO AKI stage based on urine output?, A. Stage 1, B. Stage 2, C. Stage 3, D. No AKI, A critically ill patient has a urine output of 0.2 mL/kg/hour for 26 consecutive hours. What is the KDIGO AKI stage?, A. Stage 1, B. Stage 2, C. Stage 3, D. No AKI, A patient with AKI produces no urine for 12 consecutive hours. What is the KDIGO stage based on urine output?, A. Stage 1, B. Stage 2, C. Stage 3, D. The patient does not meet AKI criteria, A patient meets the serum-creatinine criteria for stage 1 AKI but meets the urine-output criteria for stage 2 AKI. How should the AKI be staged?, A. Stage 1, B. Stage 2, C. Average the two stages, D. The AKI cannot be staged, A patient with AKI has haematuria and proteinuria without urinary infection or catheter trauma. Which condition should be strongly suspected?, A. Glomerular disease, B. Simple dehydration, C. Bladder-outlet obstruction, D. Diabetes insipidus, A patient with AKI has hypertension, oedema, haematuria, proteinuria and red-cell casts on urine microscopy. What is the most likely type of kidney injury?, A. Glomerular intrinsic AKI, B. Pre-kidney AKI caused by dehydration, C. Post-kidney AKI caused by prostate enlargement, D. Physiological reduction in urine output, A patient develops fever, rash, arthralgia, leukocyturia and AKI shortly after starting a new medication. What is the most likely diagnosis?, A. Acute interstitial nephritis, B. Pre-kidney AKI, C. Benign prostatic hyperplasia, D. Chronic diabetic nephropathy, A patient presents with AKI, myalgia, arthralgia, a purpuric rash, haematuria and proteinuria. What should be suspected?, A. Systemic vasculitis causing intrinsic AKI, B. Isolated dehydration, C. Bladder-outlet obstruction, D. Normal age-related kidney change, An older patient develops AKI and painful blue toes several days after vascular catheterisation. What is the most likely cause?, A. Atheroembolic kidney injury, B. Acute urinary retention, C. Simple hypovolaemia, D. Acute interstitial nephritis, Which blood test is essential when evaluating a patient with suspected acute kidney injury?, A. Serum creatinine, B. Troponin only, C. Serum amylase only, D. Thyroid-stimulating hormone only, When staging AKI, what does “baseline serum creatinine” mean?, A. The highest creatinine recorded during admission, B. The creatinine measured after dialysis, C. The patient’s previous usual creatinine before the acute deterioration, D. The average creatinine of healthy adults, Which electrolyte abnormality is particularly important to detect urgently in a patient with AKI?, A. Hyperkalaemia, B. Hyperphosphataemia only, C. Mild hypermagnesaemia, D. Mild hypernatraemia, A patient with AKI has a serum potassium concentration of 6.3 mmol/L. Which investigation should be performed urgently?, A. Electrocardiogram, B. Colonoscopy, C. Spirometry, D. Electroencephalogram, Which ECG finding is characteristic of hyperkalaemia in a patient with AKI?, A. Peaked T waves, B. Pathological Q waves only, C. Shortened QRS complexes, D. Isolated sinus tachycardia only, A patient with AKI has a serum potassium concentration of 6.8 mmol/L. How should this abnormality be classified?, A. Normal potassium, B. Mild hyperkalaemia, C. Moderate hyperkalaemia, D. Severe hyperkalaemia, A patient with AKI has a potassium concentration of 5.7 mmol/L without ECG changes. How should this be classified?, A. Normal potassium, B. Mild hyperkalaemia, C. Moderate hyperkalaemia, D. Severe hyperkalaemia, A patient with AKI has a serum potassium concentration of 6.2 mmol/L. How should this be classified?, A. Mild hyperkalaemia, B. Moderate hyperkalaemia, C. Severe hyperkalaemia, D. Normal potassium, A patient with AKI has severe hyperkalaemia and widening of the QRS complex. Which treatment is used first to stabilize the cardiac membrane?, A. Intravenous calcium, B. Oral iron, C. Intravenous furosemide only, D. Oral sodium chloride, Which treatment temporarily lowers serum potassium by shifting potassium into cells?, A. Intravenous insulin with glucose, B. Intravenous calcium alone, C. Oral iron, D. Intravenous albumin alone, What is the principal effect of intravenous calcium in severe hyperkalaemia?, A. It stabilizes the cardiac membrane, B. It removes potassium through the kidneys, C. It permanently shifts potassium into cells, D. It increases intestinal potassium excretion, A patient is diagnosed with AKI. What is the central principle of management?, A. Provide supportive care and treat the underlying cause, B. Start dialysis immediately in every patient, C. Give antibiotics to every patient, D. Restrict all fluids regardless of volume status, A hospitalized patient develops AKI while receiving gentamicin and ibuprofen. What is the most appropriate medication-related action?, A. Review and discontinue avoidable nephrotoxic medications, B. Increase both medication doses, C. Continue both medications without reassessment, D. Add another NSAID, Why must medication doses be reviewed in a patient with AKI?, A. Reduced kidney clearance may cause medication accumulation and toxicity, B. AKI increases the elimination of every medication, C. All medications become ineffective in AKI, D. AKI prevents oral absorption of every medication, A patient with vomiting, hypotension, dry mucous membranes and pre-kidney AKI has no evidence of pulmonary oedema. What is the most appropriate initial treatment?, A. Carefully administered intravenous crystalloid, B. Immediate fluid restriction, C. High-dose diuretics in all cases, D. Immediate long-term dialysis, After giving intravenous fluid to a patient with hypovolaemic AKI, what should be done next?, A. Reassess blood pressure, perfusion, urine output and signs of fluid overload, B. Continue unlimited fluid administration, C. Ignore urine output for 24 hours, D. Stop monitoring serum creatinine, An oliguric patient with AKI receives excessive intravenous fluid and subsequently develops dyspnoea, hypoxaemia and bilateral lung crackles. What is the most likely complication?, A. Pulmonary oedema, B. Pneumothorax, C. Pulmonary embolism, D. Isolated metabolic alkalosis, Which statement about loop diuretics in AKI is most accurate?, A. They should be routinely given to reverse every case of AKI, B. They may be considered for fluid overload or pulmonary oedema, C. They always improve kidney recovery, D. They eliminate the need for dialysis, A catheterized patient with AKI requires close fluid-balance monitoring. How frequently should urine output generally be recorded?, A. Hourly, B. Once every week, C. Once every 48 hours, D. Only after dialysis, Which patient with AKI has the clearest indication for urinary catheterization?, A. A patient with suspected bladder-outlet obstruction, B. Every patient with a mildly increased creatinine, C. A patient with stable kidney function and normal urination, D. A patient with isolated proteinuria and normal urine output

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