Which of the following is not a characteristic of research?, It requires the collection of new data, It is reiterative, It requires reasoned arguments to develop conclusions, It aims to increase understanding, What should not be included in a research proposal?:, A summary of existing work in the area,  The proposed methods to collect data,  The results that will be obtained,  An acknowledgement of any ethical issues, Identifying some ones age is an example of:, Nominal measurement,  Ordinal measurement,  Interval measurement,  Ratio measurement, An experimental research design normally involves:, Manipulating the independent variable,  Manipulating the dependent variable,  A number of repeated measures,  Data collected over an extended time period, Which of the following are not normally a requirement for experimental research design?:, Demonstrating co variation,  Demonstrating time order,  Demonstrating repeated measures, Demonstrating non spuriousness, Which of the following is not an advantage of a questionnaire?:, Provides structured data,  Allows the respondent to complete in their own time,  Allows complex questions,  Allows access to a dispersed sample group, When designing a questionnaire, try to start off with:, Closed questions,  List questions,  Likert scales,  Open questions, What should be the content of an abstract?:, The topic, objectives,  The topic, the research question, objectives, methods of the study and key word,  The topic, the research question or hypothesis, objectives and a brief résumé of the conclusions,  The topic, abstract, introduction objectives, methods, results, conclusions and key word, The role of a project supervisor is to:, Make sure you keep to your schedule and deadlines,  Provide intellectual support, guidance and critical feedback,  Negotiate access to the research setting on the student's behalf,  Give you a reading list, You can manage your time and resources best, by:, Working out a timetable,  Finding out what resources are readily available to you,  Calculating a budget for likely expenditure,  All are corrects, How can you tell if your research questions are really good?:, If they guide your literature search,  If they are linked together to help you construct a coherent argument,  If they force you to narrow the scope of your research,  All of the above, An operational definition is:, One that bears no relation to the underlying concept,  An abstract, theoretical definition of a concept, A definition of a concept in terms of specific, empirical measures,  One that refers to opera singers and their work, Closed ended questions are those that:, Have a fixed range of possible answers,  Prevent respondents from allocating themselves to a category,  Encourage detailed, elaborate responses,  Relate to the basic demographic characteristics of respondents, Which of the following statements is correct?:, Self-completion questionnaires are a type of postal survey,  Postal surveys can include self-completion or email surveys,  Self-completion questionnaires can include postal or email surveys,  Email surveys are a type of postal questionnaire, An open question is one that:, Allows respondents to answer in their own terms,  Does not suggest or provide a limited range of responses,  Can help to generate answers for closed questions,  All of the above, Which of the following is a general rule of thumb for designing questions?:, Always bear in mind your research questions,  Never ask a closed question,  Always use vignettes rather than open questions,  Use ambiguous terms to put respondents at ease, The statement of purpose in a research study should:, Identify the design of the study,  Identify the intent or objective of the study,  Specify the type of people to be used in the study,  Describe the study, Computer database searches can be done:, With a computer with CD-ROM drive,  At the library,  Online,  All of the above, A formal statement of the research question or “purpose of research study” generally:, Is made prior to the literature review, Is made after the literature review,  Is made after the literature review and Will help guide the research process,  All of the above, The Method section of the research plan typically specifies :, The research participants,  The apparatus, instruments, and materials for the research study,  The planned research procedures,  All are corrects, What are the main characteristics of a Qualitative study?:, Exploring the reasons for people’s attitudes, experiences, behaviors and interactions.,  Testing hypothesis,  The results are described in number rather than words.,  Generating data that is representative of a given population., What are the main characteristics of a Quantitative study?:, Exploring the reasons for people’s attitudes, experiences, behaviors and interactions.,  The results are described in words rather than numbers.,  Testing hypothesis.,  The data cannot be representative of a given population., Can we combine two study designs: qualitative and quantitative, in one single research?:, No,  Yes,  Only in case report,  Only in Cross-sectional studies, Which of the following study designs is Qualitative study?:, Cohort study,  Cross-sectional study,  Interviews,  Randomized Control Trial, Which of the following study designs is Quantitative study?:, Case report,  Case-control study,  Case series,  Interviews, Which form(s) of bias that can occur in a research study?:, Observer bias,  Confounding bias,  Selection bias,  Publication bias,  All are corrects, When shall we do standardization?:, Before starting the actual study in order to minimize the impact of different clinical examiners,  After Calibration,  After Data Analysis,  Any time during the study, Which of the following has the lowest “level of evidence”?:, Animal and Laboratory studies,  Case reports or Case series,  Cohort studies,  Meta-analysis and/or Systematic reviews,  Randomized controlled trial, Which of the following has the highest “level of evidence”?:, Animal and Laboratory studies,  Case reports or Case series,  Cohort studies,  Meta-analysis and/or Systematic reviews,  Randomized controlled trial, During “Data Processing”, we check if the questionnaires are acceptable or not. Which of the following situations when the questionnaires are NOT acceptable?:, Incomplete partially or fully,  Biased or dishonest answer,  Answered by a person who has inadequate knowledge,  Manipulated,  All are corrects, If the data set has some missing information/data, how could we manage the Missing Data?:, Substitute with code 0,  Substitute with code 1,  Leave blank,  All above, During data processing step, we have to classify or group the statistical data by:?:, Discrete variables,  Continuous variables,  Ordinal variables,  Nominal variables,  All are corrects, You have the following hypothesis: “Frequent intake of cokes will increase the risk of dental erosion.”You decide that you will divide a group of patients who were seen at UHS dental clinic this year; and follow them for the next 10 years to observe the incidence of dental erosion. What the study design is it?:, Randomized Control Trial,  Cross-sectional,  Prospective cohort,  Case-control, You have the following hypothesis: “Frequent intake of cokes will increase the risk of dental erosion.” You decide that you will compare frequency of cokes intake between patients who had dental erosion at UHS dental clinic in the last 3 years and those who did not have dental erosion. What the study design is it?:, Randomized Control Trial,  Cross-sectional,  Prospective cohort,  Case-control, You have the following hypothesis: “Frequent intake of cokes will increase the risk of dental erosion.” You decide that you will survey a group of patients who were seen at UP dental clinic to know the frequency of their coke intake in the last 5 years, and also ask check if they have dental erosion. What the study design is it?:, Randomized Control Trial,  Cross-sectional,  Prospective cohort,  Case-control, You have the following hypothesis: “Frequent intake of cokes will increase the risk of dental erosion.”You decide that you will Randomly allocate people who live in Phnom Penh: half to drink cokes often and the other half to not drink cokes at all. Then, follow them over the next 10 years to observe the incidence of dental erosion. What the study design is it?, Randomized Control Trial,  Cross-sectional,  Prospective cohort,  Case-control, What is a Hypothesis?:, Generation and/or acquisition of new knowledge.,  A cliam/argument about relationship between two or more variables that can be tested with data.,  Queuries/problems/issues that the research is going to address.,  A detailed description of a proposed study designed to investigate a given problem., What is a Research Proposal?:, Generation and/or acquisition of new knowledge.,  A cliam/argument about relationship between two or more variables that can be tested with data,  Queuries/problems/issues that the research is going to address.,  A detailed description of a proposed study designed to investigate a given problem., What is a Research?:, Generation and/or acquisition of new knowledge.,  A cliam/argument about relationship between two or more variables that can be tested with data,  Queuries/problems/issues that the research is going to address.,  A detailed description of a proposed study designed to investigate a given problem., What is Research Questions?:, Generation and/or acquisition of new knowledge.,  A cliam/argument about relationship between two or more variables that can be tested with data,  Queuries/problems/issues that the research is going to address.,  A detailed description of a proposed study designed to investigate a given problem., Which of the following is characteristics of Hypothesis?:, Seeking for answer,  Allow a wide range of outcomes,  Predictive in nature,  Can be used only in qualitative studies, Which of the following is characteristics of Research Question?:, Seeking for answer,  Does not allow a wide range of outcomes,  Predictive in nature,  Can be used only in qualitative studies, Why do you need a Research Proposal?:, To give a clear outline of the objectives that you want to achieve through your project.,  To show why is the intended research is important and effort-worthy.,  To serve as a planning too.,  To apply for funding, All are corrects, For Quantitative study, the Research Question?:, is exploratory in nature,  is confirmatory in nature,  usually begin with “how”,  sometimes start with “why", For Qualitative study, the Research Question?:, is exploratory in nature,  is confirmatory in nature,  usually compare between two or more things,  sometimes address the relationship between two or more things, Which is the following research questions is Qualitative study?:, What are the experiences and perceptions of adolescents and young adults living with Amelogenesis Imperfecta (AI),  Is the application of (SDF) effective for (arresting caries in 6-12 year-old Cambodian children) as compared to SF varnish,  What is the relationship between daily sugary intake and carie progression in primary-school children,  What is the effect of daily Cola intake on tooth surface in adult Cambodian, Which is the following research questions is Quantitative study?:, What are the experiences and perceptions of adolescents and young adults living with Amelogenesis Imperfecta (AI),  Is the application of (SDF) effective for (arresting caries in 6-12 year-old Cambodian children) as compared to SF varnish,  What are the patients' reactions on being diagnosed with peri-implantitis,  What are their opinions on dental implant therapy and expectations on treatment of the disease…., What is Reliability?:, Refers to how close the results of a study are to the truth,  Refers to the degrees to which multiple assessment of a subject agree,  Refers to measurement to tell how well the investigators agree,  Refers to the value of significant level, What is Validity?:, Refers to how close the results of a study are to the truth,  Refers to the degrees to which multiple assessment of a subject agree,  Refers to measurement that provide about how well the investigators agree,  Refers to the value of significant level, What is Calibration?:, Refers to how close the results of a study are to the truth,  Refers to the degrees to which multiple assessment of a subject agree,  Refers to measurement that tell how well the investigators agree,  Refers to the value of significant level, What is Referencing?:, An acknowledgement that you have used the ideas and written material belonging to other authors in your own work,  A numbering system across the written article,  A collection of facts,  A library of Endnote, Why do you should reference?:, To increase the word count of your article,  To show that you did a lot of reading,  To show that your writing is based on knowledge and ensure that anyone reading your work can trace the source you have used,  To fulfill requirement of a journal editor, What is the difference between Reference and Bibliography?:, Reference includes unpublished data,  Bibliography can include unpublished data and or all items that you have consulted for your work,  Bibliography is listed in alphabetical order, but reference is not listed in numerical order,  There is no different between Bibliography and Reference, What is Data?:, A collection of number,  A collection of facts or figures,  A collection of questionnaires,  A library of statistical results, What is PICO framework used for?, To analyse the data,  To generate a good research question,  To be included in the conclusion,  To be included in the literature review section, Which type of study assesses the efficacy of the treatment intervention in a controlled, standardized, and highly monitored setting and usually among highly selected samples of patients?, randomized controlled trial,  case series, sensitivity analysis,  cost‐benefit analysis, In which type of study does the investigator use information already collected to look for associations?:, retrospective study,  prospective study,  historical study,  survey study, In which type of study does the investigator identify a group of individuals and thenobserve them for a specified period after study initiation? :, retrospective study,  prospective study,  meta‐analysis,  diagnostic test study, Case‐control studies are always, prospective,  retrospective,  cross sectional,  experimental, Which type of study can be used to describe the experience of an individual or institution in treating a disease?, case‐control study,  crossover trial,  case series,  equivalence study, What is a cross-sectional design?, A comparison of two or more variables longitudinally,  A design that is devised when the researcher is in a bad mood.,  The collection of data from more than one case at one moment in time.,  Research into one particular section of society, e.g. the middle classes., Survey research is cross-sectional and as a result, it is, Low in internal validity but high in replicability.,  High in internal validity but low in reliability.,  None of the above,  High in ecological validity but low in external validity., What does the term 'longitudinal design' mean?, A study completed far away from where the researcher lives.,  A study which is very long to read.,  A study with two contrasting cases.,  A study completed over a distinct period of time to map changes in social phenomena, Which of the following requirements for a dissertation may depend on your institution?, Whether an abstract should be included,  The format for referencing,  The size of the study,  All of the above, The role of a project supervisor is to:, give you a reading list.,  provide academic support, guidance and critical feedback on your work.,  negotiate access to the research setting on the student's behalf.,  ensure you keep to your schedule and deadlines., Why is it important to have well formulated research questions?, It gives greater clarity to the research process and what you wish to research.,  It leads to more focused research.,  It provides more structure to my work.,  All of the above, Which of the following is a criterion for a good research question?, Questions should be long and use complex terms,  Questions should show where my research biases are.,  Questions should sound contemporary.,  Questions should connect with established theory and research., Which of the following should be included in a research proposal?:, Your academic status and experience.,  The difficulties you encountered with your previous reading on the topic.,  Your choice of research methods and reasons for choosing them.,  All of the above., Which of the following should you think about when preparing your research?:, Your sample frame and sampling strategy.,  The ethical issues that might arise.,  Negotiating access to the setting.,  All of the above, What practical steps can you take before you actually start your research?:, Find out exactly what your institution's requirements are for a dissertation.,  Make sure you are familiar with the hardware and software you plan to use.,  Apply for clearance of your project through an ethics committee.,  All of the above., Which of the following is the first step in starting the research process?:, Searching sources of information to locate problem.,  Survey of related literature,  Identification of problem,  Searching for solutions to the problem, A research paper is a brief report of research work based on:, Primary Data only,  Secondary Data only,  Both Primary and Secondary Data,  None of the above, Information is…..:, Raw Data,  Processed Data,  Input data,  Organized data, Conference proceedings are considered as..................documents:., Conventional,  Primary,  Secondary,  Tertiary, Controlled Group” is a term used in.............. :., Survey research,  Historical research,  Experimental research,  Descriptive research, Which of the following is not a “Graphic representation” ?:, Pie Chart,  Bar Chart,  Table,  Histogram, The transmission of receiver’s reaction back to the sender is known as................. .:, Noise,  Feedback,  Medium,  Source, A set of rules that govern overall data communications system is popularly known as...............:, Protocol,  Agreement,  Pact,  Memorandum, Which of the following is not true about e journals ?:, They are distributed through digital methods,  They also have editors or editorial boards,  They are publications of serial nature,  They are always free of cost, What does the term 'longitudinal design' mean?:, A study completed far away from where the researcher lives.,  A study which is very long to read.,  A study with two contrasting cases.,  A study completed over a distinct period of time to map changes in social phenome, What is a cross-sectional design?:, A comparison of two or more variables longitudinally,  A design that is devised when the researcher is in a bad mood.,  The collection of data from more than one case at one moment in time.,  Research into one particular section of society, e.g. the middle classes., What is a research design?, A way of conducting research that is not grounded in theory.,  The choice between using qualitative or quantitative methods.,  The style in which you present your research findings, e.g. a graph.,  A framework for every stage of the collection and analysis of data., Which is not an operational step of the eight step model of the research process?:, Selecting a sample.,  Writing a research report.,  Conducting a survey., Formulation of a research question, At the start of each research project a researcher has to decide on:, The journal the report will be published in,  What research question will be answered.,  How many participants to include.,  How many books to order from the library, When selecting a sample you should:, Use less than 10 participants for a quantitative study.,  Avoid bias.,  Avoid costs.,  Always include all your friends, Why does a researcher write a research proposal at the start of a study?:, So they will not forget what they are doing during the study.,  So they can advertise for people to take part in the study.,  To make sure they have not left any part of the study out when they are planning it.,  To apply for ethical approval and to gain permission to access participants or sources of data., The research participants are described in detail in which section of the research plan?, Introduction,  Method,  Data analysis,  Discussion, A research plan:, Should be detailed,  Should be given to others for review and comments,  Sets out the rationale for a research study,  All of the above, The Method section of the research plan typically specifies, The research participants,  The apparatus, instruments, and materials for the research study,  The planned research procedures,  All are corrects, The Introduction section of the research plan, Gives an overview of prior relevant studies,  Contains a statement of the purpose of the study, Concludes with a statement of the research questions and, for quantitative research, it includes the research hypothesis,  All of the above are corrects, According to your text, which of the following is not a source of research ideas?, Everyday life,  Practical issues,  Past research,  Theory,  All are corrects, What do you need to be able to provide in order for your research to pass the so what? test?, Reasons why the research is important,  Implications of answering the research question,  Proof that no-one has ever conducted a similar study,  Reasons why the research is important and implications of answering the research question, The final paper of a critical review of literature contains:, A summary of each author's work you have read,  A description of the findings in each piece of research,  A synthesis of the analysis of the information in the reviewed papers,  Your analysis of each piece of literature, A good qualitative problem statement:, Defines the independent and dependent variables,  Conveys a sense of emerging design,  Specifies a research hypothesis to be tested,  Specifies the relationship between variables that the researcher expects to find, The “tool” function of theory is to:, Summarize existing knowledge,  Summarize existing hypotheses,  Suggest new relationships and make new predictions,  Suggest new theories, A qualitative research question:, Asks a question about some process, or phenomenon to be explored,  Is generally an open-ended question,  Asks a question about some process, or phenomenon to be explored and is generally an open-ended question,  None of the above, According to the text, which of the following orders is the recommended in the flowchart of the development of a research idea?, Research topic, research problem, research purpose, research question, hypothesis,  Research purpose, research problem and hypothesis,  Research topic, research purpose, research question,,  Research topic, hypothesis, research question, One step that is not included in planning a research study is:, Identifying a researchable problem,  Developing a research plan,  Statement of the research question,  Conducting a meta-analysis of the research, Sources of researchable problems can include:, Researchers’ own experiences as educators,  Practical issues that require solutions,  Theory and past research,  All of the above, Which of the following is a function of theory?, Integrating and summarizing current knowledge,  Making predictions,  Explaining phenomena,  All of the above are corrects

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