Punishing offenders for what they have done., What does retribution focus on?, Personal responsibility., What do Right Realists say offenders should take?, Rational choice., What type of choice do Right Realists link to crime?, Consequences for choosing to break the law., What did Kant believe offenders deserve?, Dessert theory., What is Von Hirsch’s theory called?, The seriousness of the crime and the offender’s blameworthiness., What should punishment match according to Von Hirsch?, Getting the punishment you deserve., What is meant by “just desserts”?, Reoffending., What does rehabilitation try to reduce?, Norway., Which country strongly focuses on rehabilitation?, Reducing reoffending is not its main aim., Why is it unfair to judge retribution using reoffending rates?, 70%., What percentage in the 2019 UK poll thought sentences were not harsh enough?, The public, media and politicians., What can increase demands for tougher punishment according to Garland?, People want offenders to get what they deserve., What might public support for harsh punishment show ?, Sweden., Which country has introduced tougher responses to gang crime?, No., Has Sweden completely abandoned rehabilitation?, Left Realism., Which theory links crime to poverty and inequality?, It does not tackle the causes of crime., Why do Left Realists criticise retribution?, Around 20%., What is Norway’s approximate two-year reoffending rate?, Around 34%., What is Germany’s approximate three-year reoffending rate?, Around 67%., What is the short-sentence reoffending rate in England and Wales?, They use different time periods and measures., Why should international reoffending figures be compared carefully?, Short prison sentences should normally be suspended., What did the Sentencing Act 2026 change for short prison sentences?, Prison overcrowding/capacity., What practical problem may have influenced the Sentencing Act reform?

AH Retribution

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